Prostitutes Ans,

Compra verificada. The advice also warns publishers that massage parlours can disguise illegal offers of sexual services and it suggests adopting protective policies such as checks on qualifications to ensure the advertised service Prostitutes Ans legitimate.

Prostitutes Ans was not widely understood at the time, however, that the practice was considered part of normal operations by government funded social services.

A acessibilidade na xilogravura. Acessibilidade de esculturas abstratas. Pesquisar por:. Artigos relacionados. We should also mention that Gundrum self-published the book because he could not find a publisher. It would behoove everyone to learn more about their essence and nature, their origin and development, for the purpose of self-protection. The book provides ample advice and exhaustive account of almost all facets related to the issue.

With respect to its content, Sexual Health Care is the first of Prostitutes Ans kind in Croatian literature. The time Prostitutes Ans come to fulfill the urgent need and thoroughly Prostitutes Ans a man on what benefits and what harms his health. Various problems that have been left untouched despite their far-reaching consequences now have to be broached, in the interest of an individual as well as general public.

Gundrum considers sexual hygiene very complex and closely related not only to many physiological processes in the body, but also to mental conditions and growth and development of an individual. For can there be any greater shame Prostitutes Ans a man with a disease marrying, maybe even without knowledge that he can pass it to his children?

Is not such a man almost a threat to the mankind, for sowing the seed that cannot but beget another sick and stunted offspring, offspring that is weak Prostitutes Ans mind and body, offspring that succumbs to illness easily and remains ill Prostitutes Ans lengthy periods of time, lacking ability to fulfill his duty to mankind as he ought to; such offspring, I am certain, would be the first to say loud Prostitutes Ans clear that he would have been better off had he never been born in the first place!

There is enough misery in the world! Why increase it further? This is an interesting, although not atypical concept of morality at a Prostitutes Ans when morality was only ceasing to be defined according to religious dogma The evolutionary paradigm did not place man above nature, but saw him as part of nature and morality as Prostitutes Ans naturally inherited trait.

Nature and its laws became a new moral authority. Science rather than ethics as a separate discipline became the authority that prescribed moral rules. The science of sexual hygiene became one of the Prostitutes Ans important fields in medicine, and since it directly affected future generations, it was also important from the ethical point of view because it established the real morality.

Thereby, Gundrum assumed an implicitly critical attitude toward traditional concepts of morality, and found the laws of Prostitutes Ans and its sometimes cruel logic more persuasive than socially construed norms. A predatory beast whose teeth get rotten, a bird hatched from the egg as an albino and therefore easily spotted; an animal that becomes mentally ill or psychologically Prostitutes Ans or develops unusual, inappropriate drives, as well Prostitutes Ans any other animal that would produce degenerated offspring — perishes early and speedily, definitely before its time to reproduce.

Gundrum Prostitutes Ans with the intent to show that allowing the weak to survive is unnatural, but sensible only if such individuals are expected to be somehow useful. If we use such an animal for breeding, though, then we become complicit Prostitutes Ans the degeneration of the species.

Ehrmann, Winston W.: "Non-conformance of male and female reports on pre-marital coitus." Social Problems, , 1, Sybil Neville Rolfe, a prominent social hygienist and founder of the Eugenics Society (which viewed class as hereditary and saw poverty as an inherited defect).

Prostitutes Ans we even purposefully breed animals with peculiarities, which would otherwise be exterminated by nature immediately. For example, we breed white cattle; or hornless cattle, which would not be able to defend itself in the wilderness; fat pigs, which would perish in the wild as would a skinny race horse, etc.

Morality is not given once and for all, Prostitutes Ans is not eternal and immutable, but rather changes as the man changes. The attitude that egoism plays a role in morality could not be derived from Christian teachings; however, this attitude was common to many authors at the turn of the 20th century who considered Darwinism as a foundation of ethics.

Moral rules Prostitutes Ans thus considered to be inherited, serving only as an instrument of survival. Such a belief led to an attitude that every change that improves survival Prostitutes Ans, in a sense, valuable and good.

One of the scientists with a similar attitude to that of Gundrum's was Ernst Haeckel. Sexual Prostitutes Ans was thus associated with heredity, and heredity was associated with morality. A man had to protect himself from sexually transmitted diseases and irresponsible behavior or else he would ruin himself, his children, and eventually the whole nation and state.

The collapse Prostitutes Ans the nation and state would be an inevitable consequence of irresponsible behavior of individuals and of a society that omitted to sanction such a behavior, because the selection mechanism benefits the stronger and destroys the weaker.

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Since all these processes were thought to be inherited, and science the only way to investigate the mechanisms and consequences of heredity, it followed that science also determined the fortune or misfortune of people. Regulations on what was considered a moral behavior could not be prescribed any longer by a non-natural authority, but only and exclusively by science. Since science could not lie, what it claimed to be true had to become a Prostitutes Ans behavioral criterion.

Only science could provide guidelines for Prostitutes Ans that Prostitutes Ans to fortune and progress of Prostitutes Ans society as a whole. The society, thus, turned out to be an entity whose survival and development was given Prostitutes Ans importance than individual rights, and the moment when the threat to the Prostitutes Ans was interpreted as large enough, the society had the right to protect itself.

In his practice, Gundrum saw a large number of cases of sexually transmitted diseases and gave Prostitutes Ans lot of thought to how to eradicate them.

While he was working as a town physician, in he started a project of collecting statistics on prostitutes Prostitutes Ans Croatia and Slavonia in 81 administrative districts Figure 3.

Gundrum also gave a lecture based Prostitutes Ans the results of this project at the General Meeting of the Medical Association of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia.

The project material prompted him to revise extensively the first edition of Sexual Health Care, dedicating the largest portion of the book to prostitution.

This was the first study and the first publication on the topic of prostitution in Croatia. He reasoned that prostitution brings Prostitutes Ans debauchery and leads to spreading of venereal diseases. He also believed that detailed and multifaceted statistical research on the problem will reveal the laws that govern this phenomenon, which will enable the society to reduce the negative impact of prostitution.

His survey included questions on prostitutes' age, religion, ethnicity, sexual diseases, reasons for choosing the profession, and many others. Statement on Prostitutes in Croatian: Iskaz o bludnicama. His research is not only a scientific study, but also a sort of a cross-sectional review of the ideas of several European authorities in the field of sexuality. It should be noted, for example, that Gundrum had a very different attitude Prostitutes Ans that of Cesare LombrosoItalian psychiatrist whose work on antisocial personality typology, which would be abandoned and discarded later on, still attracted a lot of interest at the time.

Lombroso considered prostitutes equivalent to criminals and believed that prostitution was a hereditary disease. He also believed that prostitutes Prostitutes Ans be recognized by physical and psychological flaws.

It was clear to Gundrum that a large percentage of prostitutes were in the profession out of economic necessity and due to neglect in childhood, as indicated by his survey. He obviously did not accept the Prostitutes Ans of Lombroso, Prostitutes Ans compared prostitutes to criminals, but instead took a more moderate approach.

However, he could not completely resist the idea of an intrinsic predisposition, and the scientific method he used did Prostitutes Ans convince him otherwise. Of prostitutes who made the core sample, as many as 40 declared they had become prostitutes because of the will for lechery, 7 listed pleasure and love for lechery, 25 stated that they liked Prostitutes Ans, and 35 listed lust 29 Figure 4.

Based on the replies from half of the subjects, he concluded there was an endogenous cause responsible for their behavioral disorder. Nevertheless, this does not mean that they are predetermined to become prostitutes, although it definitely makes Prostitutes Ans prone to a less stable life. Their nature is riddled with a certain inconstancy; moral, social and other notions have no foothold there.

Degeneracy is sometimes manifested in immediate disease, such as severe hysteria or feeblemindedness.

Abstract Fran Gundrum was a Croatian physician, encyclopedist, and an advocate of medical enlightenment and healthy lifestyle.

Cramps, headache, alcoholism, proneness to fancies, daydreaming and other purposeless practices. Responses to survey question on the Prostitutes Ans for becoming prostitutes.

Whether it was Prostitutes Ans a girl became a prostitute because of poor upbringing in the early childhood — in majority of cases — or because of the inherited behavioral instability — in minority of cases — neither factor alone could have had such a strong influence, so Prostitutes Ans considered social circumstances eg, poverty to have an effect on both factors.

Thereby, he developed his own theory, according to which, contrary to Lombroso, no prostitute was born as such. However, it is interesting to note that Gundrum Prostitutes Ans a possible heredity of Prostitutes Ans toward prostitution together with some stereotypical characteristics of congenital defects, which shows how deeply he was influenced by theories of his time and how much he owed to Lombroso, despite their differences in opinion.

Despite his opinions and the fact that he considered prostitution to be evil, Gundrum did not condemn prostitutes. He was equally critical toward men who supported prostitution, and especially toward economic system in which Prostitutes Ans women sometimes had no other choice but to become prostitutes Whichever of these two main causes of prostitution was crucial in individual cases, it did not mean that nothing could be done about prostitution.

He suggested to brothel managers to use a method he himself had successfully applied in Bulgaria, ie, Prostitutes Ans write on a board the numbers of rooms and names of prostitutes along with the results of their examination. If a prostitute had her period, he suggested it also should be posted on the board.

In addition, Gundrum suggested reeducation of underage prostitutes, sanctioning women trafficking, reporting sexually transmitted diseases, and mandatory treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. The decisive role in these actions had to be played by the state, which had a Prostitutes Ans hand to put prostitution under control by systematic and thorough implementation of public health and Prostitutes Ans measures. On Banishment of Criminals Figure Prostitutes Ans contains a discussion Prostitutes Ans healthy and sick criminals, which gradually turns into a discussion about the degenerate Although there is Prostitutes Ans clear definition of a healthy criminal, we can assume that it refers to personalities who cannot tell the difference Prostitutes Ans good and evil, although they do not have a psychiatric diagnosis.

For such cases, Gundrum suggests either deportation, if the country is big enough or has colonies, or incarceration, Prostitutes Ans the country is small. On the other hand, there are also sick criminals, whose criminality is caused by a mental disease. The degenerate are, according to Gundrum, all those who have any congenital defect Prostitutes Ans interferes with survival. Obviously, Gundrum included both sick and healthy criminals among the degenerate, along with all other degenerate individuals who suffered from congenital defects.

It is important to notice that the attribute healthy was for Gundrum a conditional category and applied to those who did not have a predisposing psychopathology for their condition; it did not mean that they were healthy in the absolute sense of the word. Gundrum thought that there was a predisposing factor responsible for incorrigible, corrupt morality even in a healthy criminal. Prostitutes Ans, he believed that castration of incorrigible criminals and rapists was a method that promised Prostitutes Ans solution to the problem of criminality Castration, of course, would have made no sense if Gundrum had not assumed that criminal Prostitutes Ans was determined by Prostitutes Ans.

Since, thereby, all criminals belonged to the same group as the degenerate, they were all potential candidates for eugenic measures.

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Gundrum obviously thought that good intentions had no place in objective medical profession and that society rather than the individual deserved empathy. Gundrum extended his Prostitutes Ans with Lombroso to the subject of criminality. After excluding simulants and patients with no diagnosable mental disorders, he Prostitutes Ans that only 8 had committed a crime in the Prostitutes Ans of unsound mind. I have never intended to claim that all other criminals — of them — were unconditionally and absolutely mentally healthy; only that they showed no signs that would justify the conclusion that they had a mental disorder Prostitutes Ans other words, the nature of hereditary burden in their case was not psychiatric, but moral.

In this case too the same old maxim applies — preventing evil takes precedence over everything else! This huge expense and heavy burden on Prostitutes Ans budget does not have a single positive result. What a sad fact! Gundrum did Prostitutes Ans think that huge expenses incurred to the state economy by some individuals were good enough a reason to remove Prostitutes Ans degenerate from the social body.

What distinguished criminals from all other degenerates, whose treatment costs could also be high, was that criminals were dangerous to others. Gundrum was preoccupied by those who presented a threat to the society; financial threat to the society was not a sufficient reason — society had to be threatened by violence.

One of the arguments repeatedly used by Gundrum in the debate about criminals was especially important as it reflected the complexity of his attitudes. Gundrum investigated the role of alcohol in crime on several occasions.

We chose two discussions on the topic of alcohol, one fromtitled Alcohol-Poison, and the other from Prostitutes Ans, titled Crime and Mental Disease.

In Alcohol-Poison, Gundrum presented statistics obtained from the director of the Institute for Mentally Ill in Stenjevec for the periodwhich clearly showed that a third of mentally ill patients were classified as alcoholics.

He also used the statistics from Germany, according to which He established a hereditary link between parental alcoholism and criminality of their offspring. Gundrum mentioned three methods that could be used to solve the problem of criminality. One was deportation, which was an option for all healthy criminals.

This also reflected his attitude that reformation could have been achieved after only a few generations even in those who had already deeply sunk in the life of crime, but Prostitutes Ans if they were completely deprived of the culture that had created them. He would work. He would have to work unless he wanted to perish; the work would sustain him, drive him Here, the pressure of Prostitutes Ans was given precedence over natural selection.

Such a pressure could not be created by a society, which was based on the reduction of existential pressure. A single instance that could make such a radical reform was the nature itself. Thus, in this case, we can clearly see that Gundrum understood the deportation method in the Lamarckian context, where nature provided the conditions Prostitutes Ans inheritance of characteristics Prostitutes Ans over time, such as Prostitutes Ans and engagement.

Two more methods suggested by Gundrum were influenced by the laws passed in two American states, Ohio and Prostitutes Ans. Obviously, incorrigible Prostitutes Ans healthy criminals were the candidates for sterilization, as well as the feebleminded sick criminals. Such an attitude could have been justified only if Gundrum had thought that healthy criminals also carried a hereditary factor for incorrigible criminality, which was highly probable given the fact that he considered morality to be instinctive, biologically determined.

Prostitution is addressed as sexual exploitation within the overall CPS There can be strong links between prostitution and problematic. Although he rejected the notions of born prostitutes and born criminals, defended by Italian criminal anthropologist Cesare Lombroso, he still regarded eugenics.

It is evident that the use of carefully chosen analogies Prostitutes Ans the police and vaccinations served the purpose of marginalizing the side-effects of the absolute power of physicians.

Until now, Gundrum has been presented exclusively as a forerunner of hygienic efforts and health enlightenment in Croatia 1.

On the other hand, eugenic aspects Prostitutes Ans formed the axis of his hygienic efforts have not been Prostitutes Ans. There were also clear elements of negative eugenics, upon which Gundrum partly based his concept of social protection. While he demonstrated moderation when suppression of prostitution was concerned, he completely adopted eugenic measures for Prostitutes Ans repression of criminality. Among other concerns, Gundrum analyzed the economic aspect of putting into prisons and asylums those who, due to their disease, represented a threat to the society, and believed that such a practice produced only a negative benefit.

By negative benefit he meant the exclusion of a particular group of people from the society, the act which by itself did not produce a new value or increased the benefit for the society. A positive benefit would include the process of building a society, Prostitutes Ans would bring an additional value Prostitutes Ans the society without criminals.

Even in such Prostitutes Ans, we can catch glimpses of a certain divergence from the curative approach and recognize the rudiments of the idea that not only somatic, but also social pathology, can be prevented. It is evident that Gundrum was more interested in the safety of society as Prostitutes Ans whole and less interested in the rights of individuals.

The society, if threatened by its sick members, has the right not only to protect itself, but also to do it in the cheapest way, financially and otherwise. A good example is his ambivalent attitude toward the concept of fight for survival. On Prostitutes Ans one hand, deportation of criminals to Australia reflected the Lamarckian view that fight for survival underlies the reformation of individuals.

While the fight for survival in Australia quickly created a whole generation of normal people from the worst individuals, the same fight for survival in the cities produced quite the opposite effect. It is unclear whether Gundrum was aware of this Prostitutes Ans in his attitudes and whether he completely understood the mechanisms of the fight for survival, which had positive effects in Australia and completely opposite effects in Western European cities.

The deportation method was Prostitutes Ans line with social Prostitutes Ans, which presupposed cancellation of all achievements of civilization that make people weak. On Prostitutes Ans other hand, sterilization was a method advocated by those who favored eugenics, who believed that civilization would be preserved if artificial selection was applied on the level of society Basically, Gundrum believed that the main criterion in choosing between two methods was feasibility.

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Thus, in case of countries without colonies to deport their criminals to, the method of choice was negative eugenics sterilizationwhich Gundrum considered to be cheap and safe 27 ; otherwise, deportation should be favored. Alcoholism as an important social trigger of criminality was still not considered a Prostitutes Ans serious enough to declare the individuals addicted to alcohol as a threat Prostitutes Ans the society.

Although they were capable of criminal acts, and most criminal acts were committed under the influence of alcohol, Prostitutes Ans many alcoholics actually committed a crime.