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Netherlands

Main article: Demography of the Netherlands. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Conversely, Islam grew considerably as the result of immigration. Since there has been raised awareness of religion, mainly due to Muslim extremism. The Dutch royal family has been traditionally Prostitutes Gembloux with Calvinismspecifically Prostitutes Gembloux Dutch Reformed Churchwhich has merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands.

The Dutch Reformed Prostitutes Gembloux was the only major Protestant church in the Netherlands from the Reformation until the 19th century. Denominational splits in and in diversified Dutch Calvinism. Ina Catholic became Queen consort.

Education in the Netherlands is compulsory between the Prostitutes Gembloux of 5 and All children in the Netherlands usually attend elementary school from on average ages 4 to It comprises eight grades, the first of which is facultative.

Based on an aptitude test, the eighth grade teacher's recommendation and the opinion of the pupil's parents or caretakers, a choice is made for one of the three Prostitutes Gembloux streams of secondary education.

After Prostitutes Gembloux a particular stream, a pupil may still continue in the penultimate year of the next stream. The VMBO has four grades and Prostitutes Gembloux subdivided over several levels. The MBO middle-level applied education is a form of education that primarily focuses on teaching a practical trade or a vocational degree.

The HBO higher professional education are universities Prostitutes Gembloux professional education applied sciences that award professional bachelor's degrees; similar to polytechnic degrees. An HBO degree gives access to the university system. The VWO comprising atheneum and gymnasium has 6 grades and prepares for studying at a research university.

Universities offer a three-year bachelor's Prostitutes Gembloux, followed by a one or two-year master's degree, which in turn can be followed by a four or five-year doctoral degree programme.

Netherlands was ranked 5th Prostitutes Gembloux the Global Innovation Index indown from 4th in Doctoral candidates in the Netherlands are generally non-tenured employees of a university. All Dutch schools and universities are publicly funded and managed with the exception of religious schools that are publicly funded but not managed by the state even though requirements are necessary for the funding to be authorised.

Dutch universities have a tuition fee of about 2, euros a Prostitutes Gembloux for students from the Netherlands and the European Union. The Prostitutes Gembloux is about 10, euros for non-EU students. Prostitutes Gemblouxthe Netherlands maintained its number one position at the top of the annual Euro health consumer index EHCIwhich compares healthcare systems in Europe, scoring of a maximum 1, points.

The Netherlands has been Prostitutes Gembloux the top three countries in each report Prostitutes Gembloux since On 48 indicators such as patient rights and information, accessibility, prevention and outcomes, the Netherlands secured its top position among 37 European countries for six years in a row.

Ever since Prostitutes Gembloux major reform of the health care system inthe Dutch system received more points in the Index each year. According to the HCP Health Consumer Powerhousethe Netherlands has 'a chaos system', meaning patients have a great degree of freedom from where to buy their health insurance, to where they get their healthcare service.

The difference between the Netherlands and other countries is that the chaos is managed. Healthcare decisions are being made in a dialogue between the patients and healthcare professionals. Health insurance Prostitutes Gembloux the Netherlands is mandatory. Healthcare in the Netherlands is covered by two statutory forms of insurance:. While Dutch residents are automatically insured by the government Prostitutes Gembloux AWBZ, everyone has to take out their own basic healthcare insurance basisverzekeringexcept those under 18 who are automatically covered under their parents' premium.

If a person decides not to carry out an insurance coverage, the person may be fined. Insurers have to offer a universal package for everyone over Prostitutes Gembloux age of 18 years, regardless of age or state of health — it's illegal to refuse an application or impose special conditions.

In contrast to many other European systems, the Dutch government is Prostitutes Gembloux for the accessibility and quality of the healthcare system in the Netherlands, but not in charge of its management. Healthcare in the Netherlands can be divided in several ways: three echelons, in somatic and mental health care and in 'cure' short term and 'care' Prostitutes Gembloux term.

Home doctors huisartsencomparable to general practitioners form the largest part of the first echelon. Being referenced by a member of the first echelon is mandatory for access to the second and third echelon. Healthcare in the Netherlands is financed by a dual system that came into effect in Prostitutes Gembloux Long-term treatments, especially those Prostitutes Gembloux involve semi-permanent hospitalisation, and also disability costs such as wheelchairs, are covered by a Prostitutes Gembloux mandatory insurance.

For all regular short-term medical treatment, there is a system of obligatory health insurancewith private health insurance companies. These insurance companies are obliged to provide a package with a defined set Prostitutes Gembloux insured treatments.

Belgium – Page 8 – In Brothel

A key feature of the Dutch system is that premiums may not be related to health status or age. Risk variances between private health insurance companies due to the different risks presented by individual policy holders are compensated Prostitutes Gembloux risk equalisation and a common risk pool. Prostitutes Gembloux under 18 are covered for free. Those on low incomes receive compensation to help Prostitutes Gembloux pay their insurance.

Mobility on Dutch roads has grown continuously since the s and now exceeds billion km travelled per year, [] three quarters of which are done by car. With a total road network ofkm, which includes 2, km of expressways, [] the Netherlands has one of the densest road networks in the world—much denser than Germany and France, but still not as dense as Belgium. As part of its commitment to environmental sustainability, the Government of the Netherlands initiated a plan to establish over Prostitutes Gembloux stations for electric vehicles across the country.

The rollout will be undertaken by Switzerland-based power and automation company ABB and Dutch startup Fastnedand will aim to provide at least one station within a kilometre 30 mi radius of every home in the Netherlands. Trains are frequent, with two trains per hour on lesser lines, [k] two to four trains per hour on average, and up to Prostitutes Gembloux trains an hour on the busiest lines. Cycling is a ubiquitous mode of transport in the Netherlands.

Almost as many kilometres are covered by bicycle as by train. Busy roads have Prostitutes Gembloux some 35, km of dedicated cycle tracksphysically segregated from motorised traffic. There are large bicycle parking facilities, particularly in city centres and at train stations. Until the introduction of trains, ships were the primary mode of transport in the Netherlands.

And shipping has remained crucial afterwards. The Port of Rotterdam is the largest port in Europe and the largest port in the world outside East-Asia, with the rivers Meuse and Rhine providing excellent access to the hinterland upstream reaching to BaselSwitzerland, and into Germany and France. As of [update]Rotterdam was the world's eighth largest container port handling The harbour functions as an important transit point for bulk materials and between the Prostitutes Gembloux continent and overseas.

From Rotterdam goods are transported by ship, river barge, train or road. The Volkeraksluizen between Rotterdam and Antwerp are the biggest sluices for inland navigation in the world in terms of tonnage passing through them. Inthe Betuweroutea new fast freight railway from Rotterdam to Germany, was completed. The Netherlands also hosts Europe's 4th largest port Prostitutes Gembloux Amsterdam.

The inland shipping fleet of the Netherlands is the largest in Prostitutes Gembloux. The ferry network in Amsterdam and the Waterbus network in Rotterdam are part of the public transport system. Schiphol Airportjust southwest of Amsterdam, is the main international airport in the Netherlands, and the third busiest airport in Europe by number of passengers. Schiphol is the main hub for KLMthe nation's flag carrier and the world's oldest airline. Air transport is of vital significance for the Caribbean Prostitutes Gembloux of the Netherlands, with all islands having their own airport.

This includes the shortest runway in the world on Saba. The Netherlands has had many well-known painters. Prostitutes Gembloux the Prostitutes Gembloux Golden Agespanning much of Prostitutes Gembloux 17th century, the Dutch Republic was Prostitutes Gembloux and witnessed a flourishing artistic movement.

Escher is a well-known graphic artist. Willem de Kooning Prostitutes Gembloux born and trained in Rotterdamalthough he is considered to have reached acclaim as an American artist.

Hooft as the two most famous writers. In the 19th century, Multatuli wrote about Prostitutes Gembloux poor treatment of the natives in the Dutch colony, the current Indonesia. Anne Frank 's Diary of a Young Girl was published after she was murdered in the Holocaust and translated from Dutch to all major languages.

Various architectural styles can be distinguished in the Netherlands. Over the years, various styles have been built and preserved.

The Romanesque architecture was built between the years and This architectural style is most concentrated in the provinces of Gelderland and Limburg. Limburg, in particular, differs greatly in architectural style from the rest of the Netherlands. The Prostitutes Gembloux architecture came to in the Netherlands from about Gothic buildings often had large windows, pointed arches and were richly decorated.

Brabantine Gothic originated with the rise of the Duchy of Brabant and spread throughout the Burgundian provinces. This Prostitutes Gembloux style is most concentrated in the province of North Brabantsuch as St. What many know as Prostitutes Gembloux Dutch architecture is the Prostitutes Gembloux Baroque architecture — and classicism — These style of architecture is especially Prostitutes Gembloux evidence in the cities of North HollandSouth Holland and Zeeland.

The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens — discovered Saturn 's moon Titanargued that light travelled as waves, invented the pendulum clock and was the first physicist to use mathematical formulae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms with a microscope. A similar Holland Village is being built in Prostitutes GemblouxChina.

Windmillstulipswooden shoescheese, Delftware pottery, and cannabis are among the items associated with the Prostitutes Gembloux by tourists. In Prostitutes Gembloux south of the Netherlands there are some festivals that rarely or never occur in the rest of the Netherlands.

These celebrations grew out of Catholic traditions, including Carnivallantern parades during the celebration of Three KingsBrabantian Day and Prostitutes Gembloux Bloemencorso. Bloemencorsos used Prostitutes Gembloux occur in many places in the Netherlands, but in the 21st century, Zundert and Valkenswaard in North Brabant have taken the lead.

Dutch society is egalitarian and modern. The Dutch have an aversion to the non-essential. The Prostitutes Gembloux are proud of their cultural heritagerich history Prostitutes Gembloux art and involvement in international affairs.

Norman 26 Sicily, heresy 70; Jews Sigebert of Gembloux 58 Sigismund, 21; Jews, 89, —11, lepers 20, , , , ; prostitutes 1. The Netherlands informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with having legalised abortion, prostitution and human euthanasia.

Dutch manners are open and direct with a no-nonsense attitude—informality combined with adherence to Prostitutes Gembloux behaviour. According to a humorous source on Dutch culture, "Their directness gives many the impression that they are rude and crude—attributes they prefer to call openness.

Asking about basic rules will Prostitutes Gembloux be considered impolite. The Netherlands is one of the most secular countries of Europe, and religion in the Netherlands is generally considered as a personal matter which is not supposed to be propagated in public, although it often remains a discussion subject.

The Netherlands has a long history of social tolerance and today is regarded as a liberal country, considering its drug policy and its legalisation of euthanasia. On 1 Aprilthe Netherlands became the first nation to legalise same-sex marriage. As of the Netherlands had one of the highest rates of carbon dioxide emissions per capita in the European Union, above those of Germany, France and Belgium. Despite this, the Netherlands Prostitutes Gembloux nonetheless the reputation of the leader country in environmental and population management.

Sustainability is a concept important for the Dutch. The goal of the Dutch Government is to have a sustainableProstitutes Gembloux and affordable energy system, byin which CO 2 emissions have been halved and 40 per cent of electricity is derived from sustainable sources. The government is investing billions of euros in energy efficiencysustainable energy and CO 2 reduction. The Netherlands has multiple music traditions. Traditional Dutch music is a genre known as " Levenslied ", meaning Song of lifeto an extent comparable to a French Chanson or a German Schlager.

These songs typically have a simple melody and rhythm, and a straightforward structure of verses and choruses. Themes can be light, but are often sentimental and include lovedeath and loneliness.

Traditional musical instruments such as the accordion and the barrel organ are a staple of levenslied music, though in recent years many artists also use synthesisers Prostitutes Gembloux guitars. Contemporary Dutch rock and pop music Nederpop originated in the s, heavily influenced by popular music from the United States and Britain. In the s and s the lyrics were mostly in English, and some tracks were Prostitutes Gembloux.

From the s, more and more pop musicians started working in the Dutch language, partly inspired by the huge success of the band Doe Maar. Today Dutch rock and pop music thrives in both languages, with some artists recording in both.

Trijntje Prostitutes Gemblouxone of the country's most well known and versatile singers, has made multiple albums with famous American composers Vince Mendoza and Burt Bacharach. Early s Dutch and Belgian house music came together in Eurodance project 2 Unlimited. Selling 18 Prostitutes Gembloux records, [] the two singers Prostitutes Gembloux the band are the most successful Dutch music artists to this day.

Tracks like " Get Ready for This " are still popular themes of U. In the mids Dutch language rap and hip hop Nederhop also came to Prostitutes Gembloux and has become popular in the Netherlands and Belgium. Since the s, Dutch electronic dance music EDM gained widespread popularity in the world in Prostitutes Gembloux forms, from trancetechno and gabber to hardstyle.

The Amsterdam Dance Event ADE is the world's leading electronic music conference Prostitutes Gembloux the biggest club festival for the many electronic subgenres on the planet. The Netherlands have participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since its first edition inand have won five times.

Their most recent win was in In classical musicJan Sweelinck ranks as the most famous Dutch composer, with Louis Andriessen amongst the best known living Dutch classical composers.

Ton Koopman is a Dutch conductor, organist and Prostitutes Gembloux. He is also professor at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague. The latter, together with his Johann Strauss Orchestrahas taken classical and waltz music on worldwide concert tours, the size and revenue of Prostitutes Gembloux are otherwise only seen from the world's biggest rock and pop music acts.

The most famous Dutch classical composition is " Canto Ostinato " by Simeon ten Holta minimalistic composition for multiple instruments. Film director Theo van Gogh achieved international notoriety in when he was murdered by Mohammed Bouyeri Prostitutes Gembloux the streets of Amsterdam after directing the short film Submission. The Netherlands has a well developed television market, with both multiple commercial and public broadcasters.

Imported TV programmes, as well as interviews with responses in a foreign language, are virtually always shown with the original sound and subtitled.

Only foreign shows for children are dubbed. TV exports Prostitutes Gembloux the Netherlands mostly take the form of specific formats and franchises, most notably through internationally active TV production conglomerate Endemolfounded by Dutch media tycoons John de Mol and Joop van den Ende.

Headquartered in AmsterdamEndemol has around 90 companies in over 30 countries. Endemol and its subsidiaries create and run reality, talent, and game show franchises worldwide, including Big Brother and Deal or No Deal. John de Mol later started his own company Talpa which created show franchises Prostitutes Gembloux The Voice and Utopia. Approximately 4. About two-thirds of the population between 15 and 75 participates in sports weekly. The Netherlands national football team is one of the most popular aspects of Dutch sports; especially since the s when one of the greatest footballers of all time, Johan Cruyffdeveloped Total Football with coach Rinus Michels.

Tennis, gymnastics and golf are the three most widely engaged in individual sports. Organisation of sports began at the end Prostitutes Gembloux the Prostitutes Gembloux century and the beginning of the 20th century. Federations for sports were established such as the speed skating federation inrules were unified and sports clubs came into existence. A Dutch National Olympic Committee was established in Thus far, the nation has won medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another medals at the Winter Prostitutes Gembloux Games.

In international competition, Dutch national teams and athletes are dominant in several fields of sport. The Netherlands women's field hockey team is the most successful team in World Cup history. The Netherlands baseball team have won the European championship 20 times out of 32 events. The Netherlands Women's handball team holds the record of the only team in the world that consecutively reached all six semifinals of major international tournaments sincewinning silver and bronze at the European Women's Prostitutes Gembloux Championship and silver, bronze and gold at Prostitutes Gembloux World Women's Handball Championship.

They finished fourth at the Summer Olympics. The Dutch speed skaters' performance at the Winter Olympicswhere they won 8 out of 12 events, 23 out of 36 medals, including 4 Prostitutes Gembloux sweeps, is the most dominant performance in a single sport in Olympic history.

Motorcycle racing at the TT Circuit Assen has a long history. Assen is the only venue to have held a round of the Motorcycle World Championship every year since its creation in Prostitutes Gembloux The circuit was purpose-built for the Dutch TT Prostitutes Gemblouxwith previous events having been held on public roads.

He was also the youngest driver to make his debut at the age of 17, and became the youngest race Prostitutes Gembloux at the age of The coastal resort of Zandvoort hosted the Dutch Grand Prix from to The race returned to Zandvoort for the season after major renovations, and was won by the Dutchman, Max Verstappen, becoming the first driver with a Dutch nationality to win the Dutch Grand Prix.

The volleyball national men's team has also been successful, winning the silver medal at the Summer Olympics and the gold medal four years later in Atlanta.

The biggest success of the women's national team was winning the European Championship in and the World Grand Prix in In recent cricket has made a remarkable progress in the Netherlands. Netherlands national cricket team is a associate member of International Cricket Council having ODI status since Netherlands have participated in, and cricket World Cup. Originally, the country's cuisine was shaped by the practices of fishing and farmingincluding the cultivation of the soil for growing Prostitutes Gembloux and raising domesticated animals.

Dutch cuisine is simple and straightforward, and contains many dairy products. Breakfast and lunch are typically bread with toppings, with cereal for breakfast Prostitutes Gembloux an alternative. Traditionally, dinner consists of potatoes, a portion of meat, and seasonal vegetables.

The Dutch diet was Prostitutes Gembloux high in carbohydrates and fat, reflecting the dietary needs of the labourers whose culture moulded Prostitutes Gembloux country. Without many refinements, it is best described as rustic, though many holidays are still celebrated with special foods. In the course of the twentieth century this diet changed and became much more cosmopolitanwith most global cuisines being represented in the major cities.

Dennis vanEngelsdorp: Where have the bees gone?

Modern culinary writers distinguish between three general regional forms of Dutch cuisine. The regions in the northeast of the Prostitutes Gembloux, roughly the provinces of GroningenFrieslandDrentheOverijssel and Gelderland north of the great rivers are the least populated areas of Prostitutes Gembloux Netherlands.

The late 18th century introduction of large scale agriculture means that the cuisine is Prostitutes Gembloux known for its many kinds of meats. The relative lack of farms allowed for an abundance of game and husbandrythough dishes near the coastal regions of Friesland, Groningen and the parts of Overijssel bordering the IJsselmeer also include a large amount of fish.

The various dried sausages, belonging to the metworst -family of Dutch sausages are found throughout this region and are Prostitutes Gembloux prized for their often very strong taste. Also smoked sausages are common, of which Gelderse rookworst is the most renowned.

The sausage contains a lot of fat and is very juicy.

Larger sausages are often eaten alongside stamppothutspot or zuurkool sauerkraut ; whereas smaller ones are often eaten as a street food. The provinces are also home to hard textured rye breadpastries and cookies, the latter heavily spiced with ginger or succade or containing small bits of meat. A notable characteristic of Fries roggebrood Frisian rye bread is its long baking time up to 20 hoursProstitutes Gembloux in a sweet taste and a deep dark colour.

As a coastal region, Friesland is home to low-lying grasslands, and thus has a cheese production in common with the Western cuisine. Friese Nagelkaas Friesian Clove is a notable example. Because of the abundance of water and flat grasslands that Prostitutes Gembloux found here, the area is known for its many dairy products, which include prominent cheeses such as GoudaLeyden spiced cheese with cuminand Edam traditionally in small spheres as well as Leerdammer and Beemsterwhile the adjacent Zaanstreek Prostitutes Gembloux North Holland has since the 16th century been known for its mayonnaisetypical whole-grain mustards[] and chocolate industry.

Zeeland and South Holland produce a lot of Prostitutes Gembloux, which contains a larger amount of milkfat than most other European butter varieties. A by-product of the butter-making process, karnemelk buttermilkis also considered typical for this region. Seafood such as soused herringmussels called Zeeuwse Mosselssince Prostitutes Gembloux Dutch mussels for consumption are cleaned in Zeeland's Oosterscheldeeelsoysters and shrimps are widely available and typical for the region.

Kibbelingonce a local delicacy consisting of small chunks of battered white fishhas become a national Prostitutes Gembloux foodjust as lekkerbek. Pastries in this area tend to be quite doughy, and often contain large amounts of sugar; either caramelised, powdered or crystallised.

The oliebol in its modern form and Zeeuwse Prostitutes Gembloux are good examples. Cookies are also produced in great number and tend to contain a lot of butter and sugar, like stroopwafelas well as a filling of some kind, mostly almond, like gevulde koek. The traditional alcoholic beverages of this region are beer strong pale lager and Jenevera high proof juniper -flavoured spirit, that came to be known in England as gin. A noted exception within the traditional Dutch alcoholic landscape, Advocaata rich and creamy liqueur made from eggs, sugar and brandy, is also native to this region.

It is Prostitutes Gembloux for its many rich pastries, soups, stews and vegetable dishes and is often called Burgundian which is a Dutch idiom invoking the rich Burgundian Prostitutes Gembloux which ruled the Low Countries in the Middle Ages, renowned for its splendour and great feasts. It is the only Dutch culinary region that developed an Prostitutes Gembloux cuisine. Pastries are abundant, often with Prostitutes Gembloux fillings of cream, custard or fruits.

Savoury pastries also occur, with the worstenbroodje a roll with a sausage of ground beefliterally translates into sausage bread being the most popular. The traditional alcoholic beverage of the region is beer.

There are many local brands, ranging from Trappist to Kriek. Beer, like wine in French cuisine, is also used in cooking; often in stews. In earlyOxfam Prostitutes Gembloux the Netherlands as the country with the most nutritious, plentiful and healthy food, in a comparison of countries. From the exploitations in the Mughal Empire in the 17th century, to the colonisations in the 19th century, Dutch imperial possessions continued to expand, reaching their greatest extent by establishing a hegemony of the Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century.

The Dutch East Indies, which later formed modern-day Indonesia, Prostitutes Gembloux one of the most valuable European colonies in the world and the most important one for the Netherlands.

In the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, the Netherlands Prostitutes Gembloux considerably, mostly financed by corporate revenue from the Asian trade monopolies. Social status was based on merchants' income, which reduced feudalism and considerably changed the dynamics of Dutch society. When the Dutch royal family was established inmuch of its wealth came from Colonial trade.

Prostitutes Gembloux, they established ports in Dutch occupied Malabarleading to Dutch settlements and trading posts in India.

However, their expansion into India was halted, after their defeat in the Battle of Colachel by the Kingdom of Travancoreduring Prostitutes Gembloux Travancore-Dutch War. The Dutch never recovered from the defeat and no longer posed a large colonial threat to Bengal Subah. Universities such as the Prostitutes Gembloux Universityfounded in the 16th century, have developed into leading knowledge centres for Southeast Prostitutes Gembloux and Indonesian studies.

Leiden University and in particular KITLV are educational and scientific institutions that to this day share both an intellectual and historical interest in Indonesian studies.

Other scientific institutions in the Netherlands include the Amsterdam Tropenmuseuman anthropological museum with massive collections of Indonesian art, culture, ethnography and anthropology. A specific segment of Dutch literature called Dutch Indies literature still exists and includes established authors, such as Louis Couperusthe writer of "The Hidden Force", taking the colonial era as an important source of inspiration.

The majority of Dutchmen that repatriated to the Netherlands after and during the Indonesian revolution are Indo Eurasiannative to the islands of the Dutch East Indies. This relatively large Eurasian population had developed over a period Prostitutes Gembloux years and were classified by colonial law as belonging to the European legal community.

Including their second generation descendants, Prostitutes Gembloux are currently the largest foreign-born group in the Netherlands. Many Indonesian dishes and foodstuffs have become commonplace in the Netherlands. Rijsttafela colonial culinary concept, and dishes such as Nasi goreng and satay are very popular in the country. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Country in Northwestern Europe with territories in the Caribbean.

This article is about the non-sovereign, administrative country, that is a Prostitutes Gembloux of the internationally sovereign state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. For other uses, see Netherlands disambiguation. Nederland Dutch. Coat of arms. Location of the Caribbean municipalities green. Regional [b]. English Papiamento West Frisian. Recognised [c]. Main article: Terminology of the Low Countries. This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.

The specific problem is: poor referencing. Please help improve this section if you can.

August Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: History of the Netherlands. Diachronic distribution of Celts from BC. Expansion into the southern Low Countries by BC.

Main articles: Frankish Kingdom and Frisian Kingdom. Main article: History of urban centres in Prostitutes Gembloux Low Countries. Spanish Netherlands. Further information: Geography of the European Netherlands. See also: Low Countries. Main article: Geology of the Netherlands. Main articles: Delta Works and Flood control in the Netherlands. Main article: Climate change in the Netherlands.

Further information: List of national parks Prostitutes Gembloux the Netherlands and List of extinct animals of the Netherlands. Main articles: BonaireSabaand Sint Eustatius. Willem-Alexander King since Mark Rutte Prime Minister since Main articles: Political parties of the Netherlands and Politics of the Netherlands.

Main article: Government of the Netherlands. Main articles: Administrative divisions of the Netherlands and Public body Netherlands. Main articles: Foreign relations of the Netherlands and List of diplomatic missions of the Netherlands.

Main article: Armed forces of the Netherlands. Main article: Economy of the Netherlands. Main article: Demography of the Netherlands. Largest municipalities in the Netherlands Statistics Netherlands []. Main article: Languages of Prostitutes Gembloux Netherlands. Main article: Religion in the Netherlands. Religious identification in the Netherlands [4] Irreligious Catholic Protestant Muslim 5.

Other 5. Main articles: Education in the Netherlands and Universities in the Netherlands. Main article: Healthcare in the Netherlands. Main article: Transport in the Netherlands. Main article: Prostitutes Gembloux in the Netherlands. Main article: Culture of the Netherlands. Main articles: Dutch artArchitecture of the Netherlandsand Dutch literature. Prostitutes Gembloux Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.

Main article: Dutch customs and etiquette. Main articles: Cinema of the Netherlands Prostitutes Gembloux Television in the Netherlands. Main article: Sports in the Netherlands. Main article: Dutch cuisine. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. March Learn how and when to remove this template message.

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Stroopwafels syrup waffles are a treat consisting of waffles with caramel-like syrup filling in the middle. Bossche Bol is a pastry from the south Prostitutes Gembloux the Netherlands. It is filled with fresh cream and dipped in dark chocolate.

Poffertjes are made in a special, Prostitutes Gembloux, poffertjespan. The Gouda cheese market in Gouda City. Hutspot with klapstuk beef. Oliebollena Dutch pastry eaten on New Year's Eve. Bitterballen are usually served with mustard. Main article: Dutch Empire. Netherlands portal. Retrieved 27 December Staatsblad van Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden.

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Prostitutes Gembloux Associated Press. Retrieved 12 March Financial Times. Retrieved 16 January BBC News. CBS Classifications in Dutch. Retrieved 23 March Retrieved 7 February Archived from the original on 3 November Retrieved 7 June Retrieved 6 May Eerste kamer der Staten-Generaal. Retrieved 15 October De openbare lichamen vallen rechtstreeks onder het Rijk omdat zij geen deel uitmaken van een provincie.

The Dutch legislation will be introduced gradually. The public bodies fall directly under the central government because they are not part of a province. Retrieved 21 November Archived from the original on 11 August Retrieved 29 April Archived from the original on 7 August Retrieved 26 April NL Times.

Archived from the original PDF on 4 June World Intellectual Property Organization. United Nations. Retrieved 5 March The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 11 June Retrieved 10 June Prostitutes Gembloux 21 March Retrieved 16 February Archived from the original PDF on 3 September Retrieved 14 September Archived from the original on 5 December Retrieved 22 May Archived from the original on 15 February In most countries currently implementing or piloting PrEP, the delivery is focused towards those at highest risk of acquiring HIV, following recommendations from mathematical modelling [ 34 ] as well as WHO guidelines.

The focus on those at highest risk stems from the relatively high Prostitutes Gembloux of PrEP which would be mitigated by reducing new infections where they are highest, and from the need of these populations for new options to prevent HIV infection. Female sex workers FSWs are a subset of this population, with some of the highest HIV prevalence and incidence rates [ 5 ]. While FSWs were not included in the oral PrEP efficacy studies as a specific focus population among high risk women [ 67 ], they are Prostitutes Gembloux the focus of many Prostitutes Gembloux studies in various phases of research across the globe[ 8 ].

PrEP represents a new Prostitutes Gembloux for protection among FSWs who often experience difficulties in ensuring condom Prostitutes Gembloux.

Key factors Prostitutes Gembloux their vulnerability include ability to negotiate condom use, violence, poverty, and substance use Prostitutes Gembloux 11 — 16 ]. These factors, in addition to the distinctive structural issue of criminalization of sex work in most countries, make FSWs both uniquely suited for PrEP but also potentially harder to reach with interventions.

While quantitative data will help to characterize populations at highest risk, identify priority geographical settings in terms of HIV incidence for PrEP delivery [ 18 ], and evaluate the cascade of care from uptake to retention [ 19 ], qualitative data will explain why gaps in successful programming exist and point to how to close those gaps [ 20 ].

This sample represents one of the first set of FSWs to take up PrEP and report on individual perspectives of actual use. The line of inquiry was situated within a holistic approach based on a social-ecological framework, denoting reflections on the real and practical, rather than theoretical or trial-based use [ 21 ]. This research provided the opportunity to examine motivations for and barriers to uptake, as well as what the women most Prostitutes Gembloux about their use of PrEP.

Such data will help to inform PrEP implementation scale-up, and in particular demand generation efforts, outreach to potential PrEP users, provider training Prostitutes Gembloux PrEP management and adherence support and design of differentiated PrEP services ideally integrated into existing platforms. The overall aim of the interviews was to elicit Prostitutes Gembloux on the uptake and use of both an early antiretroviral treatment ART for HIV-positive and PrEP intervention for HIV-negative FSWs integrated into an existing, comprehensive health programme tailored for sex workers.

This qualitative research was conducted as a component of the TAPS Demonstration Project and Prostitutes Gembloux as part of the main study protocol [ 22 ]. In general, women had to be currently engaged in sex work, not pregnant or having a major health complication Prostitutes Gembloux as multi-drug resistant tuberculosis at the time of study enrolment, and had to be age 18 or over to be included in TAPS.

The study protocol has been published Prostitutes Gembloux well as the primary study findings, where further details on participant inclusion and exclusion criteria Prostitutes Gembloux well as demographic characteristics for the entire study population can be found [ 1922 ].

A selection of women enrolled in the study was invited to participate in the additional IDI component during their month 1 clinic visit. This was according to the original design which sought a total enrolled cohort of women across two sites. Women who accepted were required to complete an additional informed consent process for participation in the IDIs at the month 1 visit, and were then scheduled for interviews to be held on or around their 3, 6, and 9 Prostitutes Gembloux clinic Prostitutes Gembloux.

Completed informed consent forms were kept in separate files at the clinic sites in fire-proof, limited access locked cabinets.

Category: Belgium

The premise and structure of the interview guides were based on the Modified Social-Ecological Model MSEM designed by Baral et al [ 27 ] to facilitate a holistic and broad inquiry. In practice, we took the levels illustrated in the MSEM, and built questions Prostitutes Gembloux from the individual to the broadest HIV epidemic level.

The first interview guide was then adapted slightly for the second round of interviews, based on findings from the first round, as was the guide for the third round. In this way, themes were linked to follow stories of product use over time, but also adapted to changes observed to target relevant topics. In addition to questions about PrEP beliefs and experience, numerous questions were asked relating to sexual partners, both clients and regular or romantic. The gender of such partners was not explicitly asked as a direct question to participants, although no assumptions regarding gender identity were made during questioning.

While this method has been prevalent in cancer-related research [ 28 ], it has more recently been employed in qualitative components of PrEP-related Prostitutes Gembloux research [ 30 ].

It should be noted, however, that the change Prostitutes Gembloux time is not the primary focus of this particular paper as it would have limited the exploration of themes to those in which change over time rather than allowing for a broader exploration of the data. It would be difficult to fully comprehend the change over time in this research without first Prostitutes Gembloux at broader perspectives and positioning.

Here, changes in perspectives will be presented as they relate to the key emerging themes. Interviews were later translated and transcribed simultaneously by research assistants into English.

Interviews were conducted by research assistants all women who had been comprehensively trained in qualitative interview skills and had combined experience of this method of more than five years. No one else was present during the interviews. Analysis of the data began with development of a coding framework created separately by two researchers and then compared.

Prostitutes Gembloux round of interviews was Prostitutes Gembloux in a separate database using the same coding framework. After coding was complete, Prostitutes Gembloux two researchers compared findings and discussed any differences in coding to align results. This process Prostitutes Gembloux completed first, before the analysis of the serial aspect of the data.

Thematic analysis was led by the first author, using the Braun and Clarke method [ 31 ]. This approach involves a six-phase process: familiarisation with the data, generation of initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and finally producing the report.

In this regard, we adopted a contextualist position, where the analysis aimed to report on the experiences and realities of the participants as well as how the external social environment influenced how the participants make meaning of their realities in relation to PrEP.

All interviews were included in the analysis, even though there were not complete sets of three rounds for each participant. Coded data were compared as associated with the prominent themes emerging from Prostitutes Gembloux initial analysis across the time points for each participant. As there were fewer second and third round IDIs and the change over time was confined to the themes included for Prostitutes Gembloux analysis, it was possible to employ a simplified matrix approach and compare results worksheets developed in Microsoft Word for the three coded databases by Prostitutes Gembloux.

This was conducted independently by the first and second authors, and then findings were compared and found to have few discrepancies which were resolved. Those women who participated in the qualitative research component also completed Prostitutes Gembloux separate written informed consent for this specific research.

In addition, following any reports Prostitutes Gembloux violence during the course of these IDIs, participants were offered Prostitutes Gembloux assistance, medical or otherwise, as needed. Following the first round, 10 women completed the Prostitutes Gembloux round of IDIs 4 in Johannesburg, 6 in Pretoriaand 6 completed the Prostitutes Gembloux round 1 in Johannesburg, 5 in Pretoria.

This dropout relates to the overall rates of loss to follow up across Prostitutes Gembloux larger TAPS study [ 19 ]. In total, data from 34 interviews were coded and are included within this analysis.

IDI participant demographics are shown below in Table 1. The ages of the PrEP IDI participants ranged between 23 and 40, with 10 between the ages of 23—30, and 8 Prostitutes Gembloux the ages of 31— None of the women were married, though nine of them had a steady partner, three of whom lived with their partners. Most of the women had at least Prostitutes Gembloux high school education, with three only having completed primary school.

At the start of the project, few of the women had heard about PrEP prior to learning about it during the peer Prostitutes Gembloux outreach and recruitment efforts. The data presented here fall into themes describing their perceptions of risks and responsibilities, adoption Prostitutes Gembloux PrEP, experiences of PrEP use, and interactions with people in their lives as related to Prostitutes Gembloux.

These data reflect both a practical implementation or public health perspective of services and lived experiences. It is within this broad context that PrEP was considered and enacted. Risks arose from their jobs in sex work where STIs and HIV were common, as Prostitutes Gembloux as violence experienced both in sex work and the inner cities in which they lived.

There were also risks from main partners where condom use was limited. Responsibilities centred on money, needing income to support themselves and family members, as well as pursuing possibilities outside of sex work, to improve their lives. As reflected in their demographic descriptions and voiced in the IDIs, most of the women did not have a sufficient level of education nor skills to Prostitutes Gembloux for other jobs.

Prostitutes Gembloux were attending school during the time of the project and were supporting themselves and family members through sex work. I had to run away from them [school] because they kept asking me questions. Polly acknowledged through the course of her interviews her desire for an education which conflicted with the necessity of Prostitutes Gembloux to provide for her daughter, as well as with her ability to come to the clinic.

Her story represented a conflicting dynamic Prostitutes Gembloux to many of the women where they wanted and needed to continue engagement in care but personal responsibilities made this difficult. While none of the women in these interviews had moved to new jobs during this project, over the course of the IDIs ideas for the future became more tangible. Jah Prostitutes Gembloux just told myself I'll goI'll go next weekI'll Prostitutes Gembloux tomorrow ….

The fear of a potential HIV status may have delayed interest in and initiation of PrEP for many of the participants, but it also seemed to motivate towards a tipping point of interest Prostitutes Gembloux those who joined the study and took up PrEP. There was continuing underlying concern for the potential of HIV Prostitutes Gembloux among these women, which remained even when using condoms and in their initial months of using PrEP.

This was a pervasive sentiment. Condoms could break through the general course of sex, or when men wanted to break them on purpose which was a common experience and an ongoing fear:. Some will be knowing that he is sick, he becomes rough with us because he wants the condom to break.

This added protection also related to sex with main partners, where condoms were not usually employed. Women who acknowledged condom use, or lack thereof, tended to define a Prostitutes Gembloux relationship versus sex Prostitutes Gembloux clients. Among women who Prostitutes Gembloux main partners e. PrEP was there to keep them safe within such relationships where condom use was less common.

This theme subdivides into three inter-connected sub-themes, which convey the complexity of PrEP awareness, beliefs and emerging confidence in the technology. Over and above the motivation to use a product that could help to protect them from HIV and relieve some of the psychological burden in their lives, women needed to grapple with interpreting and understanding the stated efficacy of an entirely new technology.

Like what I was saying that Prostitutes Gembloux they wanna know if these tablets they are working or they are Prostitutes Gembloux working. Missy related how some of her colleagues did not believe that PrEP was real, and how she and her sisters investigated the Prostitutes Gembloux product:.

And my friends, I explained to them. Reflecting on initial disbelief in PrEP came more often Prostitutes Gembloux later interviews. In her third IDI, Brenda reported how she had found colleagues in her room going through her bag. She worried they were stealing her pills, but she later found that they were actually trying to figure out what the pills were and whether they were real. I am still negative. They expressed genuine disbelief that preventive pills even existed. Some participants described their initial apprehension about potentially being guinea pigs for drug testing, which was usually laid to rest during the first few months of participation.

However, interactions in the community were a different story. I told him [boyfriend] but at first he Prostitutes Gembloux not understand Prostitutes Gembloux. This process seemed to contribute to a commitment from these participants to take Prostitutes Gembloux, and also circled back to the motivation of managing and mitigating risk. Prostitutes Gembloux in PrEP eventually dissipated Prostitutes Gembloux those who continued in the study, and part of eliminating the personal scepticism was by repeated HIV-negative test results.

Over time, personal belief paved the way for participants to prove to Prostitutes Gembloux that PrEP was real, since they were still HIV-negative. Because I want them to get the same services I got. I have a boyfriend. Is it possible for him Prostitutes Gembloux come and take this PrEP? Growing out of the acknowledgement of personal risks and responsibilities, as well as a confirmed belief that PrEP was real and playing a part in keeping women negative, was the notion Prostitutes Gembloux health and Prostitutes Gembloux reinforced by taking PrEP and through continuous engagement in care.

This translated into a commitment to health, hope for the future, and a sense of strength and pragmatism in the present in relation to their work.

I am doing this for my own life. This, along with access to PrEP, created a level of added control in their lives, especially when armed with the knowledge that PrEP was not a forever regimen. Practically, women were given the option to cycle on and off PrEP through the course of the study, and they were counselled on if or how they might do so with the support of a clinician. Many Prostitutes Gembloux explained how they decided to Prostitutes Gembloux off on their own, and would come back for retesting to be able to restart PrEP a Prostitutes Gembloux months later.

Some of these women related how they would take a break when they went back to their home villages Prostitutes Gembloux if they stopped sex work for Prostitutes Gembloux time, which seemed again to contribute to a discourse Prostitutes Gembloux enhanced control that ran through many of the Prostitutes Gembloux.

I feel great taking Truvada. Healthiness and happiness was important and underscored by all of the participants in one way or another. Some women felt that the pill was helping them beyond preventing HIV.

I used to feel Prostitutes Gembloux weakin the morning when I'm waking up. When discussing how PrEP made them feel about sex, most women talked about the feeling of added safety, but not in a way which made them Prostitutes Gembloux to have more, or to have condomless sex. Most perceived changes in sex was related to their work.

As one participant related:. You were so hot! This added to the sentiment of hope and the possibility of improving their perceived and physical positions in their work and life realities.

Another participant felt that the act of offering PrEP to FSWs was a sign of change in how sex workers were perceived by wider society:. They love us. They put us together as one people because they care. Prostitutes Gembloux PrEP to be effective in women there Prostitutes Gembloux a need for high adherence and daily pill taking [ 3435 ]. Prostitutes Gembloux not as prominent a theme in the interviews as compared to the others presented here, the practicalities of managing PrEP use and the activities relating to it were still important to consider.

In particular were the practical issues of daily pill taking, managing personal relationships in relation to PrEP use, developing supportive structures, considerations around behavioural disinhibition, and managing the practicalities of clinic attendance.

Developing innovative strategies for pill taking was universal, including stashing a pill or two in a bra or a tissue in case of late or unpredictable nights, setting phone alarms, and placing the pill bottle in a routine location like next to a tooth brush. These were not always perfect. Before I Prostitutes Gembloux forgettingI don't wanna lie. You told us not to share, but if we run out we do share.

We just told ourself it is one thing. We said how can we not share, but this is one thing. When I run out I can just say give me two.

Some suggested, after taking PrEP for a while, that having an injectable would be better than the pill, to alleviate the burden of daily adherence, most likely related to their experiences with or knowledge of injectable contraception. One way or another, support systems for pill taking were important in maintaining Prostitutes Gembloux. Others ended Prostitutes Gembloux losing family, friends, or partners over their participation in the study Prostitutes Gembloux PrEP use.

This was an unfortunate development, but it also usually resulted in a reaction of asserting a sense of empowerment or control. For Prostitutes Gembloux, Missy decided to stay in the study and lose her boyfriend who would not believe that she was taking ARVs for prevention, rather than give up taking PrEP:. Disinhibition, or discontinuing condom use while using PrEP, was not reflected among most of the participants.

Only one woman admitted to sometimes giving Prostitutes Gembloux oral sex without a condom than before she started taking PrEP, and a few women spoke Prostitutes Gembloux how they Prostitutes Gembloux considered not using condoms on occasion. Others asserted the importance of maintaining broader sexual health, and highlighted the important, but incomplete, contribution that PrEP made Prostitutes Gembloux this regard:.

Because without my health I will not be able to provide for my family …. This is one of the first reports of Prostitutes Gembloux experiences and perspectives of actual use of oral PrEP among a group of FSWs outside of a clinical trial setting. This research provides insight into the risks and responsibilities that women perceive in their lives, the ways in which women adopted PrEP to mitigate their risk or ameliorate realities, and the characteristics of PrEP that Prostitutes Gembloux most valued, all of which are critical to consider within the context of implementation.

The findings produced from this research are grounded within the MSEM framework, where personal views and factors interact with and are influenced by social and sexual Prostitutes Gembloux, community, Prostitutes Gembloux and public policy, and the HIV epidemic itself. The components of this framework are visible within the themes where community perceptions of PrEP influenced personal beliefs and experiences of use, or where knowledge of the vast epidemic made it difficult to believe there were still HIV-negative Prostitutes Gembloux left to take advantage of new prevention methods.

The themes identified in this paper make clear the significant role that family, friends and peers play in shaping perceptions of HIV risk, of the efficacy and potential impact of PrEP and, ultimately, in PrEP uptake.

Prostitutes Gembloux,

Despite this, the Netherlands has nonetheless the reputation of the leader country in environmental and population management. The members of the House of Representatives , the lower house , are elected in direct elections on the basis of party-list proportional representation.

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