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The screening of identified records was conducted by only one reviewer; with BNO conducting the search from onwards alone and JE from to Of FSW who reported regular anal sex practices, 19 Topics Women Gender features.

To enable comparison across studies which reported number of AI acts by different recall periods, we standardised frequency estimates to number of acts per month.

When the mean number of AI acts was reported only Prostitutes Anan the sub-samples who practise AI, we also derived the mean among the whole sample, when AI prevalence was also reported. As very few studies reported measures of variance of intercourse act data, we were unable to conduct statistical synthesis of frequency data; thus, we limited our analysis to graphically exploring the effects of participant and study characteristics Prostitutes Anan the proportion of intercourse acts that were anal.

Our sub-group analyses included exploring the effect of different measures of methodological quality; interview method, study design, recruitment method and response rate.

We also examined through Prostitutes Anan analysis the section in the article where AI was first mentioned title, abstract or main textwhich we used to explore the possible effect of publication bias as authors may be more likely to include or highlight AI data when the practice is more common. Figure S1 summarises the study Prostitutes Anan procedure and search results.

Prostitutes Anan the 13, unique articles initially identified, were included.

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Most articles were identified from the database searches, and two were identified through reference scanning. Additional information was obtained from 23 of the 35 authors contacted.

Inter-rater reliability for the outcomes of interest was high, with ICC ranging from Prostitutes Anan. Details of each included study are presented in Table SI and participant and study characteristics are summarised in Table 1. AI prevalence was reported over various recall periods by studies Prostitutes Anan five studies reporting UAI prevalence only [ 22232425 ] with five comparing AI prevalence over two or more Prostitutes Anan periods [ 392930 Prostitutes Anan, 31 ].

Sample sizes ranged from 12 to for a total sample size of 74, across all Prostitutes Anan Table SI. Nearly half of Prostitutes Anan studies specified partner type, with 15 reporting AI practice separately for non-paying partners and paying clients.

Median age across studies was 28 years and median survey year We were unable to include the use of alcohol reported by 23 studies, or drug use reported by 20 studies or physical and sexual violence reported by 12 and 11 studies, respectively in our analysis, because they were Prostitutes Anan rarely reported and when reported, used a wide range of recall periods. Three studies compared the reporting of AI practice by interview method [ 232627 ].

Figure 1 displays pooled estimates of AI prevalence for all recall periods and Fig. S2a—c displays individual study estimates for the three most common recall periods lifetime and past monthProstitutes Anan.

Reported AI prevalence varied substantially between studies, ranging from 0. Pooled AI prevalence did not vary substantially by length of recall period apart from 2 months, 15 days and 1 day recall periods, which all only had one study each Fig.

Aside from these, Prostitutes Anan estimates varied between Pooled estimates of the prevalence of Prostitutes Anan intercourse over each recall period reported.

I 2 Prostitutes Anan Q Test Prostitutes Anan both measures of heterogeneity, with Prostitutes Anan values in both indicating greater heterogeneity. Table 2 shows pooled estimates from sub-group analyses of AI prevalence by participant and study characteristics for recall periods with sufficient numbers of study estimates ever and past 1 month. The same patterns were seen for AI practice in the past month, but as with lifetime prevalence, differences between sub-groups Prostitutes Anan not significant.

Pooled estimates did not vary by partner type, continent, average number of clients or location of work. Pooled estimates Prostitutes Anan lifetime and past month prevalence for cross-sectional studies were lower compared to estimates from RCT and cohort studies, respectively. However, these observations Prostitutes Anan inconclusive as there was only one RCT Prostitutes Anan one cohort study reported lifetime and past month prevalence, respectively.

Pooled estimates did not vary by interview method, recruitment Prostitutes Anan or response rate. Prostitutes Anan estimates of the prevalence of anal intercourse and vaginal intercourse unprotected by condoms, by recall period. Prostitutes Anan estimates of the proportion of those who report any AI unprotected by condoms among those reporting any AI over the most commonly reported recall periods, and the equivalent pooled estimates for UVI.

Of the 13 studies which provided data on the number of AI acts, we were able to extract or derive eight estimates among the subset of FSW who report practising AI [ 39102829303132 ] and eight over the whole sample [ 310263233343536 ], which includes FSWs not practising AI Table 3. AI frequency estimates vary substantially across studies.

Among studies reporting mean frequency across the whole study sample, the total number of AI and UAI acts ranged from 1. The percentage of all intercourse acts that were anal ranged from 2.

In the sole study which reported it among the subset practising AI [ 3 ], The proportion of intercourse acts that were anal did not vary substantially by any participant or study characteristics Fig. Proportion of intercourse acts that are anal by selected study and participant characteristics Scatter Prostitutes Anan of the proportion of intercourse acts that are anal among the whole sample i. We found that reported AI practice is generally common among FSW worldwide, with a pooled estimate of There was substantial heterogeneity across study estimates that largely was not explained by any of the measured participant and study characteristics.

HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C prevalence and associated risk behaviors among female sex workers in three Afghan cities.

AI tended to be more often unprotected by condoms compared to VI, although this was not statistically significantly different. Although scarce, the available data on AI frequency suggests that AI is practised frequently, with 2. Similar to previous review findings regarding heterosexual AI practice among young people and South Africans [ 3738 ], we found a non-statistically significant indication that AI prevalence may have increased over time. In qualitative research Indian and East African FSW have described AI practice during sex work as becoming more common over time due to increased client demand [ 9394041 ].

Pooled AI prevalence varied little across recall periods and in the four studies which reported AI practice over Prostitutes Anan recall periods AI prevalence changed little as recall periods lengthened [ 3284243 ]. These findings suggest that those who initiate AI continue to practise it. The strengths of our study include conducting a wide search and identifying a large number of eligible studies, resulting in a large sample size. Given that AI prevalence tended to be lower the later in the article that AI was first mentioned, our search Prostitutes Anan limited the impact of publication bias, thus increasing the accuracy of our Prostitutes Anan.

Deriving estimates for AI practice where possible also helped reduce publication bias. We conducted a detailed sub-group analysis to identify potential sources of heterogeneity in Prostitutes Anan practice based on characteristics measured in the study, including measures of study quality. Our review has a number of limitations. We did Prostitutes Anan include articles in languages other than Prostitutes Anan, or grey literature, which may have resulted in omission of potentially eligible articles.

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Our language restriction resulted in the exclusion of 42 potentially eligible full-text articles. Eleven percent full-text articles examined were found Prostitutes Anan be eligible, and if the same proportion of identified non-English full-text articles were eligible, Prostitutes Anan would have resulted in the inclusion of an additional four or five studies to our review.

We searched for grey literature in our similar review of Prostitutes Anan AI among South Africans [ 37 ] and found none eligible. Our review was mainly limited by the quality of reporting on AI practice. Of the included studies, 52 failed to report the recall period of AI prevalence.

AI is a highly stigmatised behaviour in many societies and thus its Prostitutes Anan is likely subject to social desirability bias and is likely more accurately reported using more confidential interview methods [ 3738 ].

roemwidianto.com 'prostitutes anal' Search, free sex videos. REC Reality porno vol vere escort e prostitute filmate con clienti reali. "Do the girls do anal?", "How about oral without a condom?", and "What age are they?" We wanted to look at what really goes on in brothels.

As the majority Prostitutes Anan studies in this review used FTFI, Prostitutes Anan least confidential interviewing method, our pooled estimates of AI prevalence and estimates of AI frequency likely underestimate its practice among Prostitutes Anan.

Our sub-group analysis found that AI prevalence was not higher in the small number of studies which used more confidential methods compared to those that used FTFI. However, the two included studies which compared AI prevalence by interview method both found non-significantly higher prevalence using more confidential methods compared to FTFI [ 2327 ]. One study in this review compared AI frequency by interview method, finding more than five times as many anal intercourse acts were reported by FSW in South Africa when using coital diaries compared to daily FTFI [ 26 ].

It is clear from this review and others [ 3738 ] that data collection on AI practice requires improvement, especially given how effectively HIV is transmitted during AI Prostitutes Anan how commonly it is practiced. Previous research suggests that survey items must be carefully piloted in order to minimise misunderstanding and that one effective approach may be the Prostitutes Anan of pictograms to unambiguously clarify what is meant by AI [ 44 ].

Using confidential interview Prostitutes Anan would help reduce social-desirability bias. Prostitutes Anan need data Prostitutes Anan paints a Prostitutes Anan picture of AI practice and which allows the proportion of all intercourse acts Prostitutes Anan are anal to be estimated. In order Prostitutes Anan minimise bias when estimating the fraction of intercourse acts that are AI, the same recall period should be used to collect data Prostitutes Anan AI and VI practice. We recommend that the following questions be included in all surveys on sexual behaviour among FSW:.

These recall periods may not be suitable for all FSW populations. In the case of low client volume, for example, we recommend collecting data on the number of intercourse acts over the past month. Equivalent questions should also be included in surveys among general population men and women, although past month may be a more suitable recall period for intercourse act data.

This review provides valuable information that can be used to guide policy, research and survey design internationally, as well as to inform future mathematical models of HIV epidemics among FSW and to predict the influence that AI practice may have on intervention effectiveness. Messaging on safe Prostitutes Anan practice is often absent from current interventions among FSW, but should be included [ 394546 ]. As practice of AI by FSW is most often Prostitutes Anan by client demand [ 9394047 ], programmes should address the social and environmental factors which contribute to vulnerability and hinder negotiation of safe practice; as well as target clients with safe AI messages.

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