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Sorry, but your browser needs Javascript to use this site. For men, Prostitutes Sobue one SD increase in conscientiousness is associated with a 0.

Conscientiousness and Smoking: Do Cultural Context and Gender Matter? - PMC

For women, higher levels of conscientiousness decrease the risk of becoming former smokers and current smokers. For former smokers, a one SD increase in the level of conscientiousness is associated with a 0. Similarly, a Prostitutes Sobue SD increase in conscientiousness is associated with a 0. In contrast, in Japan, we found that conscientiousness is only significantly associated with smoking status for Prostitutes Sobue after controlling for all covariates.

Prostitutes Sobue Japanese women, a one SD increase in conscientiousness predicts a 0. However, there is no Prostitutes Sobue association between conscientiousness and smoking status for Japanese men.

The results in Table 2 may be subject to issues regarding measurement validity of conscientiousness across different cultures and societies.

That is, our findings would be invalidated if the index of conscientiousness is related to healthy behaviors in one society the United States but not in the other society Japan. The associations between conscientiousness and a regular check-up are presented in Appendix Table 1.

Unlike the smoking Prostitutes Sobue, we found a similar pattern for both Prostitutes Sobue and women in both societies. That Prostitutes Sobue, individuals who had Prostitutes Sobue levels of conscientiousness, regardless of gender and society, were more likely to participate in regular physical check-ups even after controlling for the other personality traits, education, age, marital status, and race.

Thus, individuals with higher levels of conscientiousness tend to adopt health-promoting behaviors. In contrast, the meaning of smoking largely depends on the sociocultural context.

Thus, Prostitutes Sobue sensitivity analyses show that our findings on smoking are robust to concerns regarding measurement validity. This study advances previous research that Prostitutes Sobue examined the link between conscientiousness and smoking in several ways.

First, the majority of previous studies have focused on Western samples Turiano et al. Prostitutes Sobue study adopted the definition of conscientiousness as a personality trait characterized by following socially prescribed norms Roberts et al.

In particular, our study explored how sociocultural conditions may interact with personality traits to shape health Prostitutes Sobue by comparing Japan—a collectivistic society that attaches more importance to groups and societal values and has a high prevalence of smoking particularly for men—and the United States—the exemplar individualistic society in which the social unacceptability of smoking has dramatically increased.

Conscientiousness and Smoking: Do Cultural Context and Gender Matter?

Second, few previous studies have investigated whether and how gender may moderate the association between personality and smoking e. Our study gives prominence to gendered social norms in Japan regarding smoking behaviors. Our analyses yielded several interesting findings.

First, we found that the association between conscientiousness and smoking Prostitutes Sobue by society and gender. As Prostitutes Sobue, lower levels of conscientiousness are Prostitutes Sobue with increased odds of being in the current smoker group compared to the never-smoker group for both men and women in the United States.

Changes in attitudes and policies regarding smoking in the Prostitutes Sobue States e. United States public health officials have implemented comprehensive tobacco control programs, such as restrictions on Prostitutes Sobue in worksites and public places, tobacco taxation, and mass-media campaigns Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, In this social and cultural environment, the personality trait of conscientiousness is aligned with changing societal attitudes about smoking.

That is, both men and women who have higher levels of conscientiousness have more negative attitudes toward smoking and are less likely to smoke. In contrast, there is Prostitutes Sobue significant association between conscientiousness and smoking status for Japanese men. Prostitutes Sobue collective-oriented culture in Japan may put more emphasis on following social norms and leave less room for individual discretion. Although the Japanese public has become more wary of smoking Prostitutes Sobue the past decade Goto et al.

Further, our results suggest that gender plays different roles in patterns of smoking across societies. For men, smoking is less disapproved and more normalized in Japan than in the United States.

As such, Japanese men who follow societal values are likely to choose to smoke socially rather than abstain. Although the social stigma attached to women smokers may have relaxed recently as the socioeconomic status of women in Japan has increased Fukuda et al. As such, we found that among Japanese women, former smokers have lower levels Prostitutes Sobue conscientiousness than current and never smokers. To the extent that smoking is seen as a masculine behavior at odds with the expression of femininity Gilman and Xun, ; Hirokawa Prostitutes Sobue al.

Several limitations of our study should be noted. That is, our Prostitutes Sobue cannot address how changing societal contexts relate to norms across time. Moreover, research indicates that personality traits vary by both ethnic groups and cultures related to geographical locations Allik and Mccrae, ; Brown et al. Third, our study lacks detailed and complex measures of smoking.

For example, we suggested that many Japanese men may Prostitutes Sobue to be social smokers, but we have no data on whether they restrict their tobacco use to social situations. We also lack the data to measure abstinence duration for former smokers. Future research may use such an indicator to better Prostitutes Sobue how personality traits related to impulse control i.

Third, our findings Prostitutes Sobue subject to omitted variable bias. For example, there might be other Prostitutes Sobue factors genetics in addition to personality traits that affect smoking behaviors Loukola et al.

Prior studies reported that personality traits conscientiousness and neuroticism are significantly related to nicotine dependence Choi et al. Future studies would benefit from including more extensive measures of covariates.

Finally, although we recognize that there are cohort differences in the prevalence of smoking, we lack the statistical power to analyze such differences; the sample size of smokers, particularly among Japanese women, is too small.

Thus, longitudinal Prostitutes Sobue is needed to better Prostitutes Sobue the dynamics between macro-level sociocultural factors and micro-level personality traits. Despite these limitations, our study is the first to document the influence of cultural context and gender on the association between the personality trait of conscientiousness and the health behavior of smoking.

That is, the association between conscientiousness and smoking may be suppressed or facilitated by macro-level sociocultural factors. By providing insight into different gendered Prostitutes Sobue of smoking in different societies, our study calls for smoking interventions that are gender-sensitive. CL initiated and designed the study, conducted the analysis, and wrote the manuscript.

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MG Prostitutes Sobue the analysis and drafted the theoretical foundation of the manuscript under Prostitutes Sobue supervision of CL. CR helped to formulate the research questions and provided critical feedback on the entire manuscript.

All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the Prostitutes Sobue was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Summary of logistic regression predicting participation in routine physical exam, by culture and gender. Front Psychol. Published online Jul 7. Ryff 2. Carol D. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.

For example, it was common to associate women-smokers with prostitutes in the early 19th century (Nagashima, ). it was common to associate women-smokers with prostitutes in the early Kamo K.-I., Sobue T., Akiba S., Mizuno S., Satoh H., et al.

This Prostitutes Sobue was submitted to Health Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology. Received Feb 17; Accepted Jun The use, distribution or Prostitutes Sobue in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

This article has been cited by other articles in Prostitutes Sobue. Associated Data Data Availability Statement The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.

Abstract Prior studies Prostitutes Sobue found that conscientiousness has a protective effect against smoking, but evidence for this relationship mostly comes from Western contexts.

Keywords: culture, health, smoking, stigma, gender, Japan, United States. Introduction Personality traits are well-established predictors of health and health behaviors.

Background Conscientiousness and Smoking Prostitutes Sobue differences in personality traits predict various Prostitutes Sobue outcomes Christensen et Prostitutes Sobue. Societal and Historical Contexts of Smoking Tobacco consumption is one of the leading preventable causes of mortality globally, accounting for more than seven million deaths each year World Health Organization [WHO], Aims and Hypotheses of the Present Study Using samples from the United States and Japan, we investigate how associations between conscientiousness and smoking vary by sociocultural context and gender.

Measures Both surveys contain personality traits, status of cigarette smoking, and sociodemographic characteristics. Cigarette Smoking Participants from both MIDUS and MIDJA were asked a series of questions regarding their smoking habits: 1 whether they had ever smoked cigarettes, 2 whether they had ever smoked regularly, and 3 whether Prostitutes Sobue currently smoke cigarettes regularly.

Analytic Strategies To test our hypotheses, we used one-way ANOVA to determine whether there were significant differences in the means of conscientiousness across smoking groups never, former, current smokers and whether there were Prostitutes Sobue differences in the association. Open in a separate window. Results Descriptive statistics [mean SD or proportion] for all Prostitutes Sobue are presented by sample and gender in Table 1. Sensitivity Analysis The Prostitutes Sobue in Table 2 may be subject to issues regarding measurement validity Prostitutes Sobue conscientiousness across different cultures and societies.

Discussion This study advances previous research that has examined the link between conscientiousness and smoking in several ways. Limitations and Conclusions Several limitations of our study should be noted. Data Availability Statement The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. Author Contributions CL initiated and designed the study, conducted the analysis, and wrote the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Footnotes Funding. References Abe S. Smokers are extraverted in Japan: smoking habit and the big five personality traits. SAGE Open 9 : Toward a geography of personality traits. Cross Cult. Control 9 3—8. Psychosocial factors associated with smoking and drinking among Japanese early adolescent Prostitutes Sobue and girls: cross-sectional study.

Time to first cigarette in the morning as an index of ability to quit smoking: implications for nicotine dependence. Nicotine Tob. Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: a meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Differences in personality traits across ethnic groups within New Zealand Prostitutes Sobue across an international sample. How far we have come in the last Prostitutes Sobue years in smoking attitudes and actions.

Relationship between personality traits and nicotine dependence in male and female smokers of African-American and European-American samples. Psychiatry 8 : Patient personality and mortality: a 4-year prospective examination of chronic Prostitutes Sobue insufficiency. Health Psychol. Socioeconomic and Prostitutes Sobue patterning of smoking behaviour in Canada: a cross-sectional multilevel analysis.

PLoS One 8 : e Gochman D. Boston, MA: Springer;— The changing public image of smoking in the United States: Cancer Epidemiol.

Biomarkers Prev. Social norms and its correlates as a pathway to smoking among young Latino adults. Does childhood personality predict longevity?

Socioeconomic pattern of smoking in Japan: Prostitutes Sobue inequality and gender and age differences. Differences between tight and loose cultures: a Prostitutes Sobue study.

Science — Smoke: a Global History of Smoking. London: Reaktion Books. Changes in smokers attitudes toward intended cessation attempts in Japan. Value Health 14 — The meanings of smoking to women and their implications for cessation. Public Health 12 — Personality and Prostitutes Sobue individual-participant meta-analysis of nine cohort studies. Addiction — Personality as determinant of smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet preferences.

Forty years on: teachers assessments of childrens personality traits predict self-reported health behaviors and outcomes at midlife. Descriptive norms and male youth smoking in rural Minya, Prostitutes Sobue a multilevel analysis of household and neighborhood normative influences. Sex Roles 55 — Gender empowerment and female-to-male smoking prevalence ratios.

World Health Organ. Cigarette consumption estimates for 71 countries from to systematic collection of comparable data to facilitate quasi-experimental evaluations of national and global tobacco Prostitutes Sobue interventions.

BMJ : l Effects of Prostitutes Sobue liberalisation on smoking in Japan. Control 9 — Conveying misinformation: top-ranked Japanese books on tobacco.

Substance use in young adults: associations Prostitutes Sobue personality and gender. Drug Alcohol Depend. IQ and personality traits assessed in childhood as predictors of drinking and smoking behaviour in middle-aged adults: a year follow-up study. Addiction 96 — Predictors of long-term Prostitutes Sobue among Chinese smokers following treatment: the role of personality traits.


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Conscientiousness and Smoking: Do Cultural Context and Gender Matter? - PMC

Conscientiousness and Smoking: Do Cultural Context and Gender Matter?

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