Prostitutes Ushibukamachi,

In my study of the Anglo-Ameri- can trade agreement concluded in , for example, I found that over 40 specific tariff reclassifications had been made so as to exclude Japan from the benefits of the agreement. Kazutaka Watanabe: Head of the Economic Research Institute in Tokyo; will be at the University of Rochester during lecturing on the political and social situation in Japan. What results will come Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi programs and activities of this special year are yet to be seen.

Total war, however, results in a more subtle destruction of capital goods than the spectacular and catastrophic destruction inflicted from the air.

In normal periods of peace busi- nessmen plan so that replacements of buildings, machin- ery and equipment may proceed smoothly from year to year rather than be concentrated at irregular intervals. On the other hand, a country that is engaged in a total war needs to direct all pos- sible productive effort during war time to the production of military Prostitutes Ushibukamachi.

As a result, the productive machin- ery of a country gradually wears out during the course of a war and is not replaced. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi, many of the factories and much Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the machinery in Japan which were not destroyed by bombs were relatively useless after the war because they were either worn out or hopelessly obsolete.

In the fifth place, Japan in was still suffering from the virtual paralysis of her economy in the four year period of through Pig iron, for example, which was being produced in at a Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of 80 per cent above the level before the war was being Prostitutes Ushibukamachi at only about one-half of its prewar volume as late asand the figures for the preceding three years were still lower.

A large amount of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi at a high level for a number of years will Prostitutes Ushibukamachi required to make up for the losses occasioned by the slow pace of production in the immediate postwar years. Foreign Trade The above points show why there is no room for complacency concerning the present state of the Japanese economy. It has shown remarkable recovery but it still shows many of the ill effects of a disastrous war.

When one turns from a consideration of production to a study of Japanese foreign trade the result is still more dis- quieting. When one makes allowances for the changes in the value of the yen, imports to Japan in were about 19 per cent less than they had been in and, more significantly still, exports were 45 per cent less.

Japan has simply Prostitutes Ushibukamachi a substantial share Prostitutes Ushibukamachi its former export market for tex- tiles. The loss of this market is particularly serious in view of the fact that Japan in some way must find the means to pay for raw materials not available in adequate quantities domestically and also for its Prostitutes Ushibukamachi 15 per cent food deficit.

In many respects the above table showing the dis- tribution of the foreign trade of Japan is more significant than the bare fact that Japan's foreign trade has not shown Prostitutes Ushibukamachi recovery manifested by Japanese industrial produc- tion statistics. This was true in spite of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi fact that highly important areas in Asia were behind the iron curtain in Trade with China, for example, was almost non-existent in whereas largely because of Japanese interests in Manchuria it was roughly of the same order of importance as the United States trade with Japan before the war.

Japan also obviously was suffering from the virtual cessation of trade with North Korea. On the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi hand, Japan bought only about one-fifth as much from India and Pakistan as Japan bought from the United States in It is Prostitutes Ushibukamachi that this situation, if it persists, will cause India and Pakistan either to take measures to curtail imports from Japan or to insist that Japan expand its purchases in the Indian market.

These figures point up in bold relief a basic uneasiness Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the future of the Japanese economy.

During the war Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of these sources of foreign exchange were lost. Since the war Japan has been able to import more from the United States than she has exported to the United Prostitutes Ushibukamachi largely because American security forces have been spending money in Japan at the rate of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi over one-half billion dollars each year.

This sum, of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi, is not as large as the United States has Prostitutes Ushibukamachi spending for military and economic aid to Europe, but it raises the persistently disturbing question: What will happen to the Japanese economy when the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi stops? Clearly the only long run solution to the problem is to develop new export markets abroad. The question re- mains: where and how? The most natural market for Japanese exports would appear to be Korea, China, and the southeast Asian countries rather than the United States because Prostitutes Ushibukamachi former areas are much closer geographically to Japan than is the United States.

Transportation costs over seas are much Jess than trans- portation costs over land, especially where inland trans- portation facilities are only poorly developed as they are in much of southeast Asia. The American tariff is by no means the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi difficulty the Japanese economy will encounter in attempting a further penetration of the American market, but it most assuredly is that aspect of the Japanese problem which Christians in America are in the best position to meet.

When American protectionist interests back in the middle of the 19th century saw that their " infant industry " argument for a protective tariff was hardly applicable to an economy where industrial giants had replaced the erstwhile infants, the argument was shifted to the " pau per labor " argument. Tariffs were held to be necessary to protect the high level Prostitutes Ushibukamachi wages prevailing in the United States against unfair competition with the " pau- per " levels obtaining abroad.

This utterly fallacious argument made a profound impression in the United States, and since it was accepted as " true " it obviously applied with greater cogency to Japan and other Oriental countries than it did to Prostitutes Ushibukamachi and the countries of western Europe.

As a result, new classifications were inserted in the American tariff which were designed to impose higher rates of duty on low-cost Japanese pro- ducts than were levied upon products from other parts of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi world. In my study of the Anglo-Ameri- can trade agreement Prostitutes Ushibukamachi infor example, I Prostitutes Ushibukamachi that over 40 specific tariff Prostitutes Ushibukamachi had been made so as to exclude Japan from the benefits of the agreement. It is a well known fact that the staple export from Japan to the United States before the war was raw silk and that the development of synthetic fibers in the United States has largely destroyed this market.

Japan cannot continue to buy from the United States unless some export can be found which will substitute for this loss. Appar- ently there will always be some selfish individuals in the United States whose blood pressure Prostitutes Ushibukamachi invariably rise whenever Japan is successful in finding a product suitable for exporting to the United States, whether that product be tuna fish, silk scarves, or optical goods.

Perhaps in the past Americans with an international point of view have been too prone to emphasize only the economic fal- lacy inherent in this selfishness and that it is a profound fallacy any economist would agree but not sufficiently alert to show how basically un-Christian it is.

Can Japan penetrate the southeast Asian market? The figures quoted above would indicate that Japan al- ready has to an extent that is far greater than is com- monly realized.

There are, however, some significant obstacles. For example, Rockefeller Foundation experts found that the only per- manent cure for hookworm in some of these areas would result when the natives wore shoes. The importation of cheap rubber shoes from Japan, designed to meet this need, however, alarmed shoe manufacturers in Britain and they in turn persuaded Prostitutes Ushibukamachi British goverment to impose a quota on shoe imports from Japan which virtually destroyed the Japanese market in Prostitutes Ushibukamachi colonial areas.

Hookworm persists because the natives, unable to pay for the higher priced British shoes, were forced to go barefoot. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi obstacle to the extension of Japanese shoes in southeast Asia is that Japanese militarism has left a legacy of hate in some of these areas which only time can erase.

Finally, Japan no longer enjoys the ad- vantages of early industrialization which were hers before the war. In this respect, Japan's external economic posi- tion is somewhat analogous to that of Great Britain, and Japan may be faced in the years ahead with some of the same problems which have plagued Britain in postwar years.

Can Japan Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the markets of communist Asia? Several pertinent points may, however, be noted. In the first place, there is often a tendency to exaggerate the potentialities of the market in communist China. An American once wrote a book on China entitled " Mil- lion Customers ", but he forgot that large segments of this vast group subsist under a standard of living that affords little chance for the purchase of even low cost products from abroad.

Except for relatively large exports of capital goods for the economic development of Man- churia after Japan exported relatively little to China even in the period before the Sino-Japanese war. Even if the miracle happened and trade with China Prostitutes Ushibukamachi relatively free of Communist controls, it would not be surprising if the total volume of trade Prostitutes Ushibukamachi smaller than most of the enthusiastic proponents of such trade expect. Since the days of Hitler's trade agreements of the 's many businessmen Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the free economies have wondered whether a balance of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi was really worth the effort it caused.

Certainly it is a policy which is not likely to impress Japanese people with the Christian goodwill of their American neighbors. Even though Japan is an independent nation the United States has succeeded in imposing more restrictions upon Japa- nese trade with communist China than are imposed upon American trade with Soviet Russia. This is another area in which informed Christian opinion in America could point the way to a better arrangement.

The Price Level In conclusion, two other factors in the Japanese economy deserve at least brief attention, namely the developments in the price level cost of living and the developments in labor-management relations.

During the retail price level fell slightly below that prevailing inlargely because of the mild economic recession ex- perienced Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Japan after about the middle of the year.

The consumer price index in Tokyo, however, remained fairly steady at about the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi prevailing at the end ofand because of the rise of prices in the average price level for was actually somewhat higher than the average for the entire year of One of the remarkable features of the economy of postwar Prostitutes Ushibukamachi is the degree of price stability which has been achieved since following the nmaway inflation of the im- mediate postwar years.

This was more than a post-independence reaction to the austerities im- posed by the " Dodge line ", and debate on this question is likely to persist if the recession continues. Price level changes, however, can hardly be called a major economic problem of Labor Relations Because Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the recession following mid-unemploy- ment in Japan increased somewhat during the year.

It is difficult to assess the precise magnitude of the increase because of the widespread prevalence of partial unemploy- ment. Official estimates of approximatelywholly out of work and a slightly larger number presently laid off due to a " temporary " curtailment of operations at their Prostitutes Ushibukamachi are not alarmingly high for an economy with a labor force of the size of the Japanese.

In addi- tion, however, there are official estimates of over 5 mil- lion persons employed only part of the time and therefore unable to earn full pay. Furthermore, there were some indications that this type of unemployment was increasing at the end of the year.

Japan needs export markets, and Prostitutes Ushibukamachi order to capture these markets Japanese costs of pro- Prostitutes Ushibukamachi must be maintained at a low level Is this objec- tive compatible with the legitimate interests of the nearly 6 million members of Japanese trade-unions and the many millions more nonunionized Japanese workers for higher rates of pay?

Many observers are skeptical. The official statistics show that trade-union member- ship increased by approximately 33, during Furthermore, total union membership Prostitutes Ushibukamachi still nearly a million short of the peak figure reached in The most significant strikes during the year were by the coal miners and the electrical workers. The coal miners' dispute resulted in a cessation of mining from October 13 until the dispute was settled on December 7 when the workers were granted a 7 per cent increase in pay, an incentive allowance of Y per month and a loan of Y 5, for each miner.

The loss of coal resulted in grave power shortages which were aggravated by Prostitutes Ushibukamachi unusually dry winter less hydroelectric power and the periodic work stoppages by the electrical workers' union. In spite of the seriousness of these strikes, in neither case did the Japanese government intervene with drastic action to force their settlement.

Japan, which had remained aloof from the struggles and sufferins. In a way the years of occupation served as an initiation for Japan into the history of reflection and suffering of mankind. In April,Japan successfully emerged from the initiation ordeal and was Prostitutes Ushibukamachi as a full-fledged mem- ber into the world family of nations.

Consequently, there was every reason to believe that this important and his- toric year should be filled with significant political and social events. Without going into detail it will be help- ful to make a general survey of the most noteworthy characteristics of the events of this year.

The communists declared that " the defeat in the war was exactly what we wanted," and that " the occupation was the ideal preparation for the coming revolution in Japan. The more rigid and far-reaching the occupation policies became the more the communists welcomed them, for they felt these policies would necessarily create more antagonism and resistance among the masses of the people who would thus be led into anti- American and pro-Soviet sentiments.

At the same time the governmental Prostitutes Ushibukamachi thorities, weak as they were, did not hesitate to utilize the name and power of SCAP to revise the labor laws, promulgate Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Subversive Activities Prevention Law, and strengthen the Police Reserve. Masses of non-thinking people were caught between these two camps which played irresponsibly upon the emotions and feelings of the people. In Korea this has burst into a full-scale clash of armies.

In Japan two " armies " went into action with pistols, clubs, fire-bombs, bamboo spears and tear Prostitutes Ushibukamachi. One significant episode in this involved the overturning and burning of U. Three Prostitutes Ushibukamachi principles were given to the Japan Com- munist Party to be practiced during the early stages of the revolutionary years in Japan.

The first Prostitutes Ushibukamachi came to a successful climax inand the third was in the process of being applied. The meaning of the word " Prostitutes Ushibukamachi " has been very ambiguous in Japan. Communists, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi, and conservatives have used the word, but with different meanings.

Both the communists and the Occupation cried for " democracy Prostitutes Ushibukamachi.

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It is clear, however, that the communists meant the word in the sense of a " dictator- ship of the proletariat " and intended in the name of democracy to destroy all authority except that of the proletariat. The Japanese, who have had too many authorities and too much authority in every Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of life, were jolted greatly Prostitutes Ushibukamachi all traditional authorities were superceded by a foreign authority.

Even the Divine Emperor was obliged to take orders from the new Supreme Commander! The entire nation was demilitarized for the first time, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi all wartime leaders were purged. Teachers, parents, and police lost their authority. Teachers traded discipline for flattery in Prostitutes Ushibukamachi to escape being labelled undemocratic. Policemen gave their own cigarettes to outraged drunkards in order to avoid Prostitutes Ushibukamachi reported as " bureaucratic ".

Arrogance disappeared, but with it vanished the sense of duty and the sense of dignity. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi sloughed off responsibility, and license reigned. Consequently, for the last seven years the Japa- nese have been drifting in confusion without any internal leadership. This need for internal leadership has been one of the reasons for the surprisingly rapid progress of the Japan Communist Party.

With the cessation of the occupation in the last real authority in Japan disappeared. Only Gen. Mac Arthur could have stopped the well-planned general strike of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi million workers in It is not surprising, therefore, that on May Day,only 3 days after independence, 5, communists, Koreans, laborers and students battled an equal number of police on the Imperial Plaza, a street war in which nine died and seven hundred were wounded.

Since there is no final authority in Japan, it will not be long before she is driven to join either the "free world " or the " Soviet bloc ", and the year reflected her leaderless vascillation between the two. This was cultivated during the occupation.

But even the most ideal occupation is an unpleasant experience for the nation which is occupied, and thus psychological antagonism and passive resistance were found in the hearts of almost all Japanese. People grumbled against occupation policies ; even intellectuals Prostitutes Ushibukamachi understood the situation whispered criticisms. The communists played upon these feelings with the slogan '' American freedom is oppression ", pointing to the fact that the Japanese were prohibited from writing or speaking in criticism of occupation policies.

Democracy taught by the occupation guaranteed freedom of speech, but military necessity Prostitutes Ushibukamachi to limit this freedom. It was very natural, therefore, that with independence newspapers, magazines, pamphlets and books were filled with articles exposing so-called " inside stories " of what went Prostitutes Ushibukamachi under the occupation that could not be published before. This physical expression was seen in the burn- ing of several U. Japan is able to maintain Prostitutes Ushibukamachi and peace in the country only because of the existence of the Security Forces and the Police Reserves supported by America.

But for these forces, Japan could Prostitutes Ushibukamachi plunged into total disorder immediately after independence. The Japanese people, in whose minds the memory of fierce air raids, starvation, etc.

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This strong anti-war sentiment is reflected in all social and political phenomena in Japan and came to a climax in The problem Prostitutes Ushibukamachi rearma- ment was, in fact, the central issue for all political parties at the time of the October,general elections. It is not an exaggeration to say Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the whole nation hung on the point of war or peace, for to their thinking re- armament necessarily meant war. And this rearmament was said to be strongly desired by America who only a few years ago strongly " suggested " Article 9 of the new i Constitution which Prostitutes Ushibukamachi war forever.

This contradiction or change Prostitutes Ushibukamachi attitude in American policy toward Japan made the problem more complicated. Communist slogans such as ''Don't be America's bullet- stoppers ", " Don't be America's employed soldiers ", " Japan has become America's colony ", etc.

Inflation, which had been curbed by Mr. Dodge under the Occupa- tion, began to increase again with the start of the Korean War, and prices have been going up ever Prostitutes Ushibukamachi making living hard again. Claiming that these difficult living con- ditions and the menace of war were the prices Japan paid for independence and Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Mutual Security Pact, the com- munists attacked the Security Pact and the " single Peace Treaty".

Riots in throughout Japan mobilized tens of thousands of people around these slogans. Still, they reflect but a minority of Japan's population. The year was the climax of the first Prostitutes Ushibukamachi principles, and the third began Prostitutes Ushibukamachi that year. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi underground revolutionary army showed part of its armor in — flame-bottles made their ap- pearance, public Prostitutes Ushibukamachi were occupied by force, a Father- land Defence Corps and guerillas were trained in the mountains, courts and prisons were attacked, etc.

Thus in an internally chaotic Japan was becoming externally dislocated in its relationship with America, being legally independent but psychologically anti-American. The communists hoped to foster anti-war sentiment to the point where all U. They could have secured several seats in Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Diet if they had so desired, but they did not mean to win any.

Rather they used the election campaign as a Prostitutes Ushibukamachi for spreading their ideas, for thousands of people flooded party rallies to hear what each party had to say. As the communists knew they could not control the power in the government at this time, they Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the platform to undermine confidence in the other parties with charges of corruption, etc. The failure of the Diet to seat a single Communist can- didate came as a Prostitutes Ushibukamachi to Prostitutes Ushibukamachi nation which had expected them to get from 5 to 10 seats.

The general reaction was that the period of enthusiasm for communism Prostitutes Ushibukamachi over and that the nation showed its sound judgment in the election. Several non-communist intellectuals expressed their regrets that communist criticism of the majority party would not be heard in the Diet. However, the loss of Diet seats was not a sign of retreat by the Communist Party. On the contrary, the votes they polled in this election Prostitutes Ushibukamachi surpassed those of the previous general election.

The figures for the past few years follow: General election in April 2, votes April 1, Nevertheless, it increased. The most serious matter as to the attitude of the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Party concerning this election was their open declaration that they would no longer take part in the parliamentary system but would fight outside and against it.

They felt that the time of the " Stalin line " was approaching and that it was too critical a time to meddle with the Diet. Rather, the time had come to organize armed guerillas, the "armed core of a revolutionary army," in order to " emancipate Japan from being a colony of America.

During the first half of the occupation they were almost totally deprived by the unions of the power of management and control of personnel, and were largely salary-paying tools of the workers. Management was left to the mercy of the unions led by communists. Occupation policy was to encourage the trade-union movement, and though SCAP was aware of the red elements in the movement, they could not do much about it, and this left management confused and frustrated.

However, in July,when government Prostitutes Ushibukamachi were prohibited from engaging in collective bargaining or in strikes, and in August,when the " red purge " began among the more important enterprises, management began to stand on its own feet and take the offensive. However, the Occupation detect- ed their undemocratic motives and sought to restrict their excesses.

The coming Prostitutes Ushibukamachi independence Prostitutes Ushibukamachi lifted all these bonds and left Japanese capitalists free to pursue their purposes. They sought, if possible, to reduce the unions to management-sponsored organizations.

Japanese enterpri- sers' associations strengthened their secretariats and issued many surprisingly strong and reactionary state- ments. Their declaration that they would refuse to employ any red-tinted graduates of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi was sufficiently effective to Prostitutes Ushibukamachi almost all student poli- tical movements inside and outside schools.

Graduating students at company examinations and interviews unan- imously Prostitutes Ushibukamachi themselves against communism and for the Subversive Activities Prevention Law in order to pass the examinations.

In the face of this offensive, the average age of members of union executive committees became much younger, in many cases Prostitutes Ushibukamachi ten years. Union members with families feared Prostitutes Ushibukamachi with union administration because of the danger of being labelled ''dangerous persons " by management and thus of being quickly dis- charged.

Consequently, these young union officers, many just over twenty, stood on inferior ground when bargain- ing with older management representatives.

Moreover, without experience and maturity they often were impa- tient, resorted to violence, and drove members into awk- ward situations, thus losing the respect not only of the members but of the public as well and giving the whole union movement an unsound and undesirable appearance.

In order to meet the demand for miHtary goods brought on by the Korean War, the Japanese armaments industry Prostitutes Ushibukamachi to be centraHzed as before.

CentraHzation of any kind Prostitutes Ushibukamachi power in the hands of the executives, and certain groups of enterprisers became very powerful not only in business circles but also in the government and Diet.

Industrial barons again began to give orders to all important organizations, both public and private. Their strong desire was to go back to the prewar regime, erasing all Prostitutes Ushibukamachi and regulations put forth during the occupation.

Prostitutes Ushibukamachi could not think in any terms except I those of prewar capitalism with its close connection with [imperialism and militarism, and they desired to return to these ways again.

However, " democracy " which has been Japan's na- tional motto for Prostitutes Ushibukamachi last seven years, instead of " national prosperity and strong armed forces " which had been Japan's slogan for the last fifty years until the end of the war, prevented them from going too far and too rapidly.

The public which had tasted democracy would not easily tolerate its destruction. But the May Day riots gave them their chance. The flame-bottle fights and Prostitutes Ushibukamachi all over Japan following the May Day riots prepared ideal ground for the post- independence activities of the reac- tionary capitalists.

Now they could openly stand against the reds and against all progi'essives. Though the public did not welcome the return of the reactionary capitalists. The Sociahst Party divi- ded into left and right wings, the left near the commu- nists, and the right near the conservatives, leaving no ground for socialism. The Korean War and the threat of communist forces in Korea gave support to the conservative capitalists' desire to amend the Constitution, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Article 9, and to re-establish a Japanese army and navy.

The conservatives came Prostitutes Ushibukamachi strongly into power in One example of the reaction of labor to this move- Prostitutes Ushibukamachi is seen in the strikes by the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi workers and miners which took place at the end of They were the worst and most entangled strikes in the history of the labor union movement in Japan. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi time the number was less than half a million, but as the industries involved affected the everyday lives of millions of citizens and Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the development of various important industries they were extraordinarily important strikes.

Many people denounced the strikes and failed to see the significant underlying issue which was not wages but union security. The unions were being divided and weak- ened by the management offensive, and they felt that it was their last chance to strike before it vvas too late.

Finally the government stepped in and the strikes were ended. The yearthen, was the year when independence gave Japan the chance to learn what demiocracy means through struggle and suffering. She could breathe Prostitutes Ushibukamachi once again, and she was free to make her own policies. It was the year also when class-war emerged into the open. For the first four years of the occupation this had favored the progressive forces, but it slowly came to a balance and during the last half of it swung in favor of conservative capitalism.

The struggle has been severe, and there Prostitutes Ushibukamachi no one, no organization, and no party in Prostitutes Ushibukamachi which has been able to stop it. It may be good that Japan passes through this time of '' storm and pres- sure ", for through its struggles and sufferings Japan may learn the ways of democracy.

Rebuilding of the Grand Shrine Progresses The drive to raise million yen for the rebuilding of the Grand Shrine of Ise Prostitutes Ushibukamachi made great progress during The drive is sponsored by an association which was specially organised for the purpose in the fall of Naotake Sato, former speaker of the House of Councillors. According to Mr. According to his statement Mr. Sato expects that nearly ten million people will have joined his Associa- tion by the end of It seems, however, the net result at the year's end was not so good as that.

He also emphasizes that the movement to help rebuild the Grand Shrine is an affair not only of the Shrine Shintoists but also of all other Japanese regardless of their religious beliefs. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi is a long-established custom that the Grand Shrine should be rebuilt every twenty years in precisely the same style as before.

The accomplishment of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi fifty-ninth rebuilding has been Prostitutes Ushibukamachi from to Grand ceremonies will most probably take place on October, when the divine symbols and articles will Prostitutes Ushibukamachi carried into the new Prostitutes Ushibukamachi.

At Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the two main shrines of Naiku and Geku will have been completed by that time. A great number of pilgrims are expected to come from all over the country for Prostitutes Ushibukamachi occasion and for the following festivities which will continue until May 10, It will then be called " The Association of Ise Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Venerators " Ise-jingu Sukei-kaiand its aim will be " to contribute to the peaceful development of the Japanese people by arousing their national consciousness and by promoting the spirit of Shinto.

The Prostitutes Ushibukamachi is scheduled to be organised within one month after the grand ceremonies in October. This organization, in case it is made, will together with the Shrine Headquarters help consolidate and streng- Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Shinto Prostitutes Ushibukamachi.

The vice-president is Mr. Nobusuke Takatsukasa whose son Prostitutes Ushibukamachi married one of the present Emperor's daughters. Those who have read the account of Shinto in the Christian Yearbook will be interested to know that the Sumiyoshi Shrine, Osaka, finally came under the Headquarters in September, Popularity Regained Not only in connection with the rebuilding of the Ise Shrine but also in other respects there are signs that show the recovery of Shinto's strength from the heavy blows it received in consequence of the war.

Each year sees a remarkable increase in the number of worshippers who come to shrines on festal occasions. Figures given by newspapers are only rough estimates and are apt to Prostitutes Ushibukamachi exaggerated cf. Christian Yearbook,p. On November 3, the centennial of the birth of the Emperor Meiji, Prostitutes Ushibukamachiare said to have used that station in order to visit the shrine.

On the occasion of the centennial a supporters' as- sociation similar to that for the Ise Shrine was organised to restore the Meiji Shrine which is now in ruinous con- dition. The Prostitutes Ushibukamachi priest of the shrine is Mr.

Taka- tsukasa. One might get the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi that Shrine Shinto was becoming, not again a full state religion to be sure, but a semi-state religion. The result of the war put an Prostitutes Ushibukamachi to this condition of Shinto, and all shrines have now to register as voluntary religious institutions.

But Japanese people in general still associate Shinto closely with the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Household as well as with the destiny of the nation. Actually it is very difficult to draw a line where state functions end and the religious functions of Shinto begin. The Emperor himself went to the Ise Shrine on June 3,to report to his ancestral goddess on the Peace Treaty having taken effect, while any rite of religious significance was scrupulously avoided at the installation Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of the Crown Prince on November Incidentally, this installation ceremony gave occasion to an interesting discussion between two leading scholars of Tokyo University.

Yanaihara, President of the University, who had attended the ceremony, remarked in a newspaper that he had missed there any religious significance and suggested that the ceremony could have symbolized Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Prince humbly accepting his appointment from God.

This statement was then criticised by Prostitutes Ushibukamachi. Miyazawa who said that the religionless ceremony Prostitutes Ushibukamachi quite correct from the standpoint of the present constitu- tion of Japan which sharply separates religion and state. In marked contrast to this the philosophy of Buddhism as it is popularly understood is pessimistic, life-negating, and otherworldly.

It is therefore psycho- logically understandable that most Prostitutes Ushibukamachi go to Shinto shrines to pray for happiness and prosperity in this life Prostitutes Ushibukamachi earth and to have wedding ceremonies performed, while the same persons go to Buddhist temples on the memorial days of the dead and for funeral services.

Of course, they could Prostitutes Ushibukamachi married by a Buddhist priest before a Buddhist altar or be buried with Shinto rites when they die, but people in most cases do not prefer to be married or to die that way.

It would be a great mistake, however, to think that Shinto shrines are today financially well off. Spoiled Prostitutes Ushibukamachi long years of state support, Shinto priests haven't yet learned how to organise their believers so that they will pay regular dues.

They just depend on the free-will offerings of occasional visitors Prostitutes Ushibukamachi their shrines and Prostitutes Ushibukamachi fees for weddings and other rites specially performed by request. So except for very rare cases priests have to support themselves chiefly by school-teaching or other kinds of work.

The remaining are entirely new sects of Shinto coloring. Some of the sects will be discussed later under section III. Revival of Sectarianism In the prewar period there were 53 sects and denominations of Japanese Buddhism. After the war the law was abolished and complete freedom of religion has been guaranteed by the new Constitution.

Prostitutes Ushibukamachi a result, not Prostitutes Ushibukamachi those prewar sects and denomina- tions which had lost their independence have been re- established, but also a great number of new sects have arisen.

As a result it had to secede from the Federation of Shinto Sects. Each of them, except Ji and Kegon, has been differentiated into Prostitutes Ushibukamachi ha.

But the term " sect " has also been used to indicate any independent religious organisation, whether it is technically shu or ha. Most of them can be classified with such major sects as Tendai, Shingon, Jodo, Rinzai, etc. The fact that a large proportion of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi new Buddhist sects belong either to the Shingon 58 sects or to the Nichiren 61 sects varieties may be taken as indicating that these two shu provide particularly fertile soil for the budding of new Prostitutes Ushibukamachi movements.

Prostitutes Ushibukamachi is tempted to ask whether this sudden growth of new sects and denominations means strength or weak- ness in Japanese Buddhism, but no ready answer can be expected. For each sest must be studied individually as to the circumstances of its rise, the character of its leaders, and its tenets and practices before any generalisation can be made.

One has to note, however, that this phenomenon has appeared after government subsidies ceased to come to Buddhist temples. These new sects as well as the older Prostitutes Ushibukamachi have now Prostitutes Ushibukamachi depend entirely upon their own financial resources. The very fact that they exist means that they have the means. So to say the least one can Prostitutes Ushibukamachi in this phenomenon the strong tenacity of Buddhist tradition and its ability to adapt itself to the postwar situation of Japan.

Democracy Introduced Another feature in the postwar development of Japanese Buddhism is found in the efforts made by various sects to democratize their organisations. More voice has been given to the laity than ever before.

For instance, in the Jodo-Shin Sect since important matters are decided by a general assembly in which both clergy and laity are represented. There is also a wide- spread tendency to relieve the chief priest of a sect of his administrative responsibilities so that he is now regarded purely as its religious figurehead, while adminis- trative officers are chosen by election from among the clergy.

This is about the farthest point Buddhist sects can Prostitutes Ushibukamachi in the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of democratisation. Chief-priest- hood is still hereditary in the Jodo-Shin as well as the Shin Sects ; in other sects, too, chief priests are Prostitutes Ushibukamachi not by election but by some other traditional methods.

The World Conference of the Buddhists Among the most recent events the meeting in Tokyo of the Second World Conference of Buddhists, September, must be especially noted because of its in- ternational and interdenominational significance. The Prostitutes Ushibukamachi conference had been held in Ceylon inwhich Mr. Most of the foreigners were from the traditionally Buddhist sections of the Orient. The conference then moved to Kyoto to hold its Prostitutes Ushibukamachi session on October 5 in the Higashi Honganji Temple.

It passed the following statement : " Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the present world of severe suffering the welfare of mankind as well as the safety of our Prostitutes Ushibukamachi are being jeopardized.

At this juncture, we as representatives of the Buddhists of all nations solemnly pledge ourselves before the hallowed presence of the Buddha to unite the Buddhist forces of the world in His gracious Light ; to preach the Truth of the Buddha to all the peoples of the world ; Prostitutes Ushibukamachi to endeavor to prom.

But differences between Hinayana and Mahayana and other differences between various sects will not be easily overcome. Apparently those Buddhists at the conference showed their willingness to seek for means to unite the Buddhist forces of the world in spite of the existing differences.

In both chief priests of the Higashi and the Nishi Honganji went abroad for the second time after the war.

Kocho Otani, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi priest of Higashi, accompanied by his wife, left Japan in June for an extensive tour through America, Brazil and Europe. They are expected to come home in the middle of March. Kosho Otani, chief priest of Nishi, likewise accompanied by his wife, left Japan in February for the United States and Canada ; they returned late in December. Kocho's heir, Kosho, has been staying in America for graduate studies since Japanese Buddhists living in the United States, Ha- waii, Canada, and Brazil still turn to their mother churches in Japan for religious leadership.

But the number of issei people is decreasing and most nisei people cannot read Japanese. More need is felt, therefore, for Buddhist literature in English and for English-speak- ing teachers and preachers. Furthermore, there are more western people today than ever before who are eager to know something about Buddhism Prostitutes Ushibukamachi either religious Prostitutes Ushibukamachi academic reasons.

So some sects are making serious attempts to interpret their doctrines in English. Buddhist leaders in Japan are today quite missionary- Prostitutes Ushibukamachi. The3' believe they have something unique to offer to all mankind. It will be, however, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi tremendous task to have even a Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of Japanese Buddhist literature translated correctly into understandable English. They are working independently from each other. The career and accomplishments of Dr.

Daisetsu Suzuki, who is still lecturing in America, are sources of inspiration to all those Buddhist scholars who are Prostitutes Ushibukamachi in the world mission of the " Way of Enlightenment ". But Buddhism is also taught in secular universities such as Waseda, Nihon, and some national universities.

Prostitutes Ushibukamachi University has on its faculty Prostitutes Ushibukamachi. Masato Nagao and Zenryu Tsukamoto are teaching as well as doing research work. Many of the latter belong to both Prostitutes Ushibukamachi.

There is a growing tendency among Japanese Buddhist scholars to go back from the traditional Chinese texts to the Sanskrit, Pali, and Tibetan texts in their search for the original meaning of their religion. Susumu Yama- guchi of the Otani University Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Dr. Nagao of Kyoto are scholars of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi reputation in the field of Tibetan tripitaka. What Are the New Sects?

Besides the Shinto and Buddhist sects there are new sects that cannot be classified under Prostitutes Ushibukamachi known category. Actually, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi, there are often found fea- tures common to many of the newly risen sects, whether they Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Shintoistic or otherwise.

They are all indigen- ous religious movements grown on the soil of Japan. All of them have more or less simple messages that would appeal to the popular mind, however, superstitious they may sometimes appear. The Prostitutes Ushibukamachi has been written by scholars of the Jodo-Sect under the direction of its Council of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Kangaku-ryo Prostitutes Ushibukamachi appeared in July, Each of the sects has been carefully studied, described, and discussed by a different writer.

The des- criptions are on the whole quite objectively done, while criticisms are made from the distinctly Jodo Shinshu standpoint. The very fact that one of the strongest Buddhist sects in Japan should have undertaken such a study is noteworthy. The older religious bodies are naturally be- ing alarmed by the rise and rapid spread of new inde- pendent Sects, and it speaks well for the Jodo Shinshu so-called Nishi Honganji to have made a careful study Prostitutes Ushibukamachi them instead Prostitutes Ushibukamachi rejecting them outright or laughing them off.

The book will continue for some time to be a convenient handbook for all those who care to know something about these sects. Tenrikyo Flourishing Perhaps neither Tenrikyo nor Konkokyo should be called new religions since they are both about a century old. But they are still new in the sense that they are quite independent from the older religious traditions of Japan in spite of the fact that they are usually classified as Shinto Prostitutes Ushibukamachi. Miki Nakayama, foundress of the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi relig- ion, is said to have received a divine revelation on Nov.

She had been a devout adherent of Jodo Bud- dhism, but the occasion for her revelatory experience was rather provided by a Prostitutes Ushibukamachi practice of a shu- genja, a monk of a syncretic type. He was invited to her home to pray for the healing of her husband and eldest son. The monk Prostitutes Ushibukamachi to conjure a divine spirit, so she offered herself to serve as his medium.

Quite un- expectedly, however, a new god hitherto unknown spoke through her announcing his name as " Moto-no-kami " or '' Jitsu-no-kami ", which means the original Prostitutes Ushibukamachi true god, and claiming her to Prostitutes Ushibukamachi his abode.

For two days and two nights members of her family kept asking the god to withdraw from her, but they finally submitted and received her as the god's shrine.

Later the god came to be called " Tenrio-no-mikoto. The optimism of yoki- gm'nshi is indeed quite characteristic of the sect. Tenrikyo is the largest and best developed of all the newer religions.

Having passed through various difficulties and even persecutions, its adherents have firm conviction of its truth. As of Mar. There are also day nurseries, orphanages, old people's homes, hospitals, sanitoriums, and other Prostitutes Ushibukamachi welfare work.

In Tambaichi, Nara Prefecture, where its headquarters is situated, there are schools of all grades from kindergarten to university. On April 18,the Tenri headquarters announced that there will be Prostitutes Ushibukamachi grand celebration of the seventieth anniversary of Mrs. Nakayama's " ascension " in October 30— November 1 there were gathered some 15, leading priests of the sect in Tambaichi to be in- structed about preparations for the coming occasion.

Shozen Nakayama, present head of the sect, said in an address that the spirit of fukiigen return to the beginning should be the spirit pervading the anniversary. By fukugen, however, he does not mean a return to the past but making a fresh start by returning to the original purity of the foundress's faith. The address has been printed in the monthly " Michi-no-Tomo ", Dec, Is Konkokyo Declining?

Another remarkable religion is Konkokyo.

It also claims that its founder, Mr. Bunjiro Konko, received a special revelation on Oct. Having experienced his oneness with this god, Mr. Konko called himself "Ikigami-konko-daijin" Konko-god-manifest-in-life.

Thus Konkokyo is a Prostitutes Ushibukamachi religion with Mr. Bunjiro Konko as its revealer. It emphasizes the parental care of the father-god of all men and teaches love, gratitude, and trust as the basic virtues of man. It is a religion of simplicity and practicability. It rejects all charms and amulets as well Prostitutes Ushibukamachi all superstitious beliefs in days and directions. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi in the case Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Tenrikyo, Konkokyo also classifies Prostitutes Ushibukamachi adherents into two classes: kyoto or confirmed fol- lowers, and Shinto or common believers.

The latest available statistics give, as of Dec. The number of preachers is 3, including 1, women preachers. There are 1, churches belong- ing to this sect. The number of its " common " believers in stood Prostitutes Ushibukamachi; this increased to 1, by and reached the highest peak of 1, in Thus the most urgent problem of the sect is how to Prostitutes Ushibukamachi its prewar strength. In there was started a movement called Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Otoritsugi-joju-shinjin-seikatsu Undo " to strengthen the religious life of the sect.

Matajiro Konko as well as the 60th anniversary of the death of his immediate successor, and will celebrate the 60th anniversary of the dedication of Mr. Setsutane Konko as the head of the sect. What results will come out of the programs and activities of this special year are yet to be seen. More Human Beings Deified A more distinctly Shintoistic sect is Shinrikyo or the Divine Reason Religion which claims to have Prostitutes Ushibukamachi, 4, priests, and 1, adherents at the end of The sect worships eighteen Shinto divinities and regards its founder, Mr.

Tsunehiko KannagibeProstitutes Ushibukamachi a direct descendant of Nigihayahi-no-mikoto, a grandson of the Sun-goddess. He also claimed Prostitutes Ushibukamachi have received a special revelation which commanded him to enter Prostitutes Ushibukamachi career of religious ministry.

The Prostitutes Ushibukamachi is said to have occurred on Oct. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi sect is now preparing the founder's writings. Probably more and more emphasis is going to be placed on Prostitutes Ushibukamachi person as mediator between the divine and the human.

Omoto Aizen-en is another sect which deifies human beings. Back in Mrs. Naoko Deguchi began receiving inspirations which she recorded in black and white.

They were Prostitutes Ushibukamachi collected and became the scripture of the sect. The sect, once suppressed by the government inis now steadily growing again. It teaches love, purity, optimism, progress and unity as the most basic principles of human life and society. It shows a vital interest in world peace. Gods Walking on the Streets The " living deities " iklgami above mentioned are all persons of the past, but there are others which are living now.

One of them is Mrs. The decisive date for this sect was Aug. Kitamura announced herself to be the only daughter of the Heavenly Goddess, Tenshoko Daijingu. Her home is in Tafuse, Yamaguchi Prefecture, where the headquarters of the sect is situated, but she is constantly travelling and in went as far as Hawaii to preach, sing and dance.

According to her teachings, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi goddess Tenshoko Dai- jingu is the same being as the Heavenly Father of the Christians and the Buddha ihombutsu of the Buddhists.

The same absolute God was taught 3, sic years ago by Gautama, 2, years ago Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Christ, and is now in these last days speaking through Sayo-san!

Her words are often crude but always clever, sometimes revealing genuine religious insights. Jikan Okada, founder of the World Messianic Religion Sekai Messhiakyodoes not call himself a god but claims himself to be the Messiah who has come to earth to save mankind from the three evils of sickness, poverty, and war, and to establish a perfect world of peace, truth, goodness, and beauty.

He says he is a Prostitutes Ushibukamachi one than Christ, Buddha, Mohammed, or Con- fucius. His god whom he calls Jehovah has, however, other names also : Amida, Miroku, Kannon, and Izunome- no-kami.

He is well-read and writes constantly. He is opposed to modern medicine. He defines sickness as a physiological phenomenon of self-purification which should not be interfered with by artificial methods.

He also says, however, that diseases are sometimes caused by evil dem- ons. A pamphlet has just been put out with the date of Jan. Oddly enough it is written all in Japanese although the author promises Prostitutes Ushibukamachi it will be Prostitutes Ushibukamachi translated into English.

It is one of the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi com- mittees in the General Evangelistic Committee Sogo Dendo linkai which is responsible for all the evangelistic activities of the Kyodan. First, it is to promote a self-supporting missionary spirit and to strengthen mutual help among indigenous churches belonging to the Kyodan. Of course, we shall never be able to overestimate the contribution which this financial aid made to the evange- listic activities of the Japanese church which has faced a great missionary opportunity during the time of pain and sorrow caused by the tragedy and damage of the war.

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As a matter of fact, there have been two traditional characteristics in the history of Japanese Protestantism ; i. Secondly, I want to mention here that it is a great misunderstanding to consider that the establishment of the Home Missions Society is a result of a narrow and exclusive spirit which rejects cooperative hands from abroad.

Of course, there are some regrettable facts which confuse the independence of the church with national independence. Some say that the evangelization of Japan should be done solely by the Japanese. Consequently, for them the Home Missions Society seems to be Prostitutes Ushibukamachi sidered as the organ which, in the future, makes ecumeni- cal cooperation unnecessary.

But that is not the real idea of this committee. The Prostitutes Ushibukamachi obligation in Japan is not only the obligation of the Japanese church, but also that of the world church. The real aim of the Home Missions Society is to foster the spirit of positive participation in this " Mission in Unity " in Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Japanese setting. The United Church of Christ in Japan sets up the Home Missions Society under the General Evangehsm Committee for the purpose of encouraging the missionary spirit among the Kyodan churches to evangehze the whole nation by Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of indigenous funds.

Duties of the Society: a. Investigation and planning of the mission in this country. Opening of pioneer evangelism. Raising funds from Kyodan churches. The Society promotes the purpose of No.

Legally, CEC is one of the sub-committees of the Council of Cooperation, which is the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi coopera- tive organ of the Kyodan and the Interboard Committee ; but, functionally, it works under the General Evangelism Committee. There are two major functions of CEC. They are the planning Prostitutes Ushibukamachi promoting of pioneer evange- lism in the unoccupied areas on the one hand, and the assignment of evangelistic missionaries on the other. The members of CEC are composed of Japanese and missionary Prostitutes Ushibukamachi.

There is question whether the existence of a second conservative party beside the Liberal Party is possible or not. The birth of the Progressive Party was based on two facts: the lack of a strong Prostitutes Ushibukamachi tion party which could succeed to political power— the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Party which was split into right and left-wings was too weak; and the existence of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi clan relations within the various conservative forces in Japan which made a combination or union Prostitutes Ushibukamachi these conservatives on the basis of policies almost impossible.

It will not be easy to reunite these two wings, for the cause of the split is related to the very basis of Japanese foreign policy.

The power of the Left-wing Socialists within the House of Representatives was weak, but the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Council of Trade Unions of Japan Sohyowhich holds an absolute majority of Japanese organized labor, strongly supported the Left-wing Socialists so that with the conclusion of the U. S,-Japan Administrative Agreement which increased the anti-American feeling of the people, the Left-wing Socialist Party began to be the most in- fluential opposition party. The Communist Party defined Japan as Prostitutes Ushibukamachi American colony, and upon the judgment that the movement for national emancipation from colonial status had no other weapon than armed struggle, it resorted to a program of terrorism in which even flame-bottles and bamboo spears were employed.

And this provoked the antipathy of the people so that the Communist policy of armed struggle came to a standstill. At its zenith this strategy resulted in the May Day incidents on Prostitutes Ushibukamachi 1, Accordingly, it can be said that' the Communist Party faced the general elections under very disadvantageous conditions.

The results of the general elections of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi 1. Former Seats Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Party One must look a long time Prostitutes Ushibukamachi he found evidence of war damage ; the innumerable stores were well-stocked with merchandise, and the people Prostitutes Ushibukamachi general seemed to be well-fed and well-clothed.

A more thorough review, however, revealed some disquieting signs. It will be the purpose of this article first of all to sum- marize the general indicators of economic activity and then to analyse the basic unresolved problems which the Japanese economy faces.

Industrial Production in The following table shows the percentage change in some of the most important indexes of economic activity. Since the Japanese statistics use Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the base for comparisons, all of the figures show the percentage of change since this prewar date.

The overall production was thus substantially above the prewar level. These figures, however, must be inter- preted in the light of the following five factors. In the first place, a healthy economy is a dynamic and not a static one. An Prostitutes Ushibukamachi increase of only 27 per cent in 16 to 18 years can hardly be offered as proof that the Japanese economy is dynamic. During approxi- per cent increase 52 80 13 41 0. Ameri'can industrial production in was per cent in excess of the level prevailing in Since the Japanese economy was already operating on a semi- war, or at least preparedness, basis inand since on the other hand the American economy was just emerg- ing from its most disastrous depression in the above figures may tend to overstate the disparity between Japanese and American economic development in the past Prostitutes Ushibukamachi decades.

Nevertheless, the difference is entirely too great to Prostitutes Ushibukamachi discounted entirely. In the second place, the population of Japan increased from the base years until by almost pre- cisely the same percentage as the increase in industrial production.

For one thing this means that the physical volume of industrial output per person showed no in- crease at all. This again is not the indication of a dynamic economy.

Again, it Prostitutes Ushibukamachi clearly to the problem of acute population pressure in Japan, assuredly one of the most persistent of the problems of the Japanese economy and one which is likely to become more serious before it will be solved. Indeed, the figure for industrial production as a whole Prostitutes Ushibukamachi only be- cause the increases in the production of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi heavy goods industries more than counterbalanced the decreases in the soft goods lines.

People do not wear or eat pig-iron and steel ingots! A high production in these categories, devoted to peace time ends, will probably result ultimately in the improvement in the standard of living of the masses but in the initial stages the effect may be pre- cisely the opposite.

Another striking indication of the same fact is the contrast between production Prostitutes Ushibukamachi passenger cars for trains and the production of freight cars and of bus and truck chassis. The latter, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of course are used largely by industrial concerns and by the American security forces, show a healthy growth.

The average person, however, must still ride on dangerously over- crowded trains because despite the growth in population in the meantime fewer passenger cars for trains are being Prostitutes Ushibukamachi today than were manufactured approxi- mately 20 years ago.

In the fourth place, production especially of heavy goods would need to proceed at a high pace for a num- ber of years to make up for the heavy destruction of the war. Modern wars are destructive in two ways.

The most obvious destruction is the physical loss of homes, factories, schools, hospitals, railway rolling stock, high- ways, bridges, power plants and the like. It has been estimated that Prostitutes Ushibukamachi per cent of the area of 66 major cities was destroyed by these raids. The great Japanese merchant marine was virtually wiped out. The amount of wood, steel, cement, and Prostitutes Ushibukamachi required to replace these tremendous losses would in itself tax the productive powers of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi advanced industrial nation for a number of years.

Total war, however, results in a more subtle destruction of capital goods than the spectacular and catastrophic destruction inflicted from the air.

In normal periods of peace Prostitutes Ushibukamachi nessmen plan so that replacements of buildings, machin- ery and equipment may proceed smoothly from year to year rather than Prostitutes Ushibukamachi concentrated at irregular intervals.

On the other hand, a country that is engaged in Prostitutes Ushibukamachi total war Prostitutes Ushibukamachi to direct all pos- sible productive effort during war time to the production of military supplies. As a result, the productive machin- ery of a country gradually wears out during the course of a war and is not replaced. Therefore, many of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi factories and much of the machinery in Japan Prostitutes Ushibukamachi were not destroyed by bombs were relatively useless after the war because they were either worn out or hopelessly obsolete.

In the fifth place, Japan in Prostitutes Ushibukamachi still suffering from the virtual paralysis of her economy in the four year period of through Pig iron, for example, which was being produced in at a rate of 80 per cent above the level before the war was being produced at only about one-half of its prewar volume as late asand the figures for the preceding three years were still lower.

A large amount of production at a high level for a number of years will be required to make up for the losses occasioned by the slow pace of production in the immediate postwar years. Foreign Trade The above points show why there is no room for complacency concerning the present state Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the Japanese economy.

It has shown remarkable recovery but it still shows many of the ill effects of a disastrous war. When one turns from a consideration of production to a study of Japanese foreign trade Prostitutes Ushibukamachi result is still more dis- quieting. When one makes allowances for the changes in the value of the yen, imports to Japan in were about 19 per cent less than they had been in and, more significantly still, exports were 45 per cent less.

Japan has simply lost a substantial share of its former export market for tex- tiles. The loss of this market is particularly serious in view of the fact that Japan in some way must find the means to pay for raw materials not available in adequate quantities domestically and also for its approximate 15 per cent food deficit.

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In many respects the above table showing the dis- tribution of the foreign trade of Japan is more significant than the bare fact that Japan's foreign trade has not shown the recovery manifested by Japanese industrial produc- tion statistics. This was true in spite of the fact that highly important areas in Asia were behind the iron curtain in Trade with China, for example, was almost non-existent in whereas Prostitutes Ushibukamachi because of Japanese interests in Manchuria it Prostitutes Ushibukamachi roughly of the same order of importance as the United States trade with Japan before the war.

Japan also obviously was suffering from the virtual cessation of trade with North Korea. On the other hand, Japan bought only about one-fifth as much from India Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Pakistan as Japan bought from the United States in It is probable that this situation, if it persists, will cause India and Pakistan either to take measures to curtail imports from Japan or to insist that Japan expand its purchases in the Indian market.

These figures point up in bold relief a basic uneasiness about the future of the Japanese economy. During the war both of these sources of foreign exchange were lost. Since the war Japan has been able to import more from the United States than she has exported to the United States largely because American security forces have been spending money in Japan at the rate of something over one-half billion dollars each year. This sum, of course, is not as large as the United States has been spending for military and economic Prostitutes Ushibukamachi to Europe, but it raises the persistently Prostitutes Ushibukamachi question: What will happen to the Japanese economy when the spending stops?

Clearly the only long run solution Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the problem is to develop new export markets abroad. The question re- mains: where and how? The most natural market for Prostitutes Ushibukamachi exports Prostitutes Ushibukamachi appear to be Korea, China, and the southeast Asian countries rather than the United States because these former areas are much closer geographically to Japan than is Prostitutes Ushibukamachi United States.

Transportation costs over seas are much Jess than trans- portation costs over land, especially where inland trans- portation facilities are only poorly developed as they are in much of southeast Asia. The American tariff is by no means the only difficulty the Japanese economy will encounter in attempting a further penetration of the American market, but it most assuredly is that aspect of the Japanese problem which Christians in America are in the best position to meet.

When American protectionist interests back in the middle of the 19th century saw that their " Prostitutes Ushibukamachi industry " argument for a protective tariff Prostitutes Ushibukamachi hardly applicable to an economy where industrial giants had replaced the erstwhile infants, the argument was shifted to the " pau Prostitutes Ushibukamachi labor " argument.

Tariffs were held to be necessary to protect the high level of wages prevailing in the United States against unfair competition with the " pau- per " levels obtaining abroad.

This utterly fallacious argument made a profound impression in the United States, and since it was accepted as " true " it obviously applied with greater cogency to Japan and other Oriental countries than it did to Canada and the countries of western Europe. As a result, new classifications were inserted in the American tariff which were designed to impose higher rates of duty on low-cost Japanese pro- ducts than were levied upon products from other parts of the world.

In my study of the Anglo-Ameri- can trade agreement concluded infor example, I found that over 40 specific tariff reclassifications had been made so as to exclude Japan from the benefits of the agreement. It is a Prostitutes Ushibukamachi known fact that the staple export from Japan Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the United States before the war was raw silk and that the development of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi fibers in the United States has largely destroyed this market.

Japan cannot continue to buy from the United States unless some export can be found which will substitute for this loss. Appar- ently there will always be some selfish individuals in the United States whose blood pressure will invariably rise whenever Japan is successful in finding a product suitable for exporting to the United States, whether that product be tuna fish, silk scarves, or optical goods.

Perhaps in the past Americans with an international point Prostitutes Ushibukamachi view have been too prone to emphasize only the economic fal- lacy inherent in this selfishness and that it is a profound fallacy any economist would agree but not sufficiently alert to show how basically un-Christian it is. Can Japan penetrate the southeast Asian market? The figures quoted above would indicate that Japan al- ready has to an extent that is far greater than is com- monly realized.

There are, however, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi significant obstacles. For example, Rockefeller Foundation Prostitutes Ushibukamachi found that the only per- manent cure for hookworm in some of these areas would result when the natives wore shoes. The importation of cheap rubber shoes from Japan, designed to meet this need, however, alarmed shoe manufacturers in Britain and they in turn persuaded the British goverment to impose a quota on shoe imports from Japan which virtually destroyed the Japanese market in these colonial areas.

Hookworm persists because the natives, unable to Prostitutes Ushibukamachi for the higher priced British shoes, were forced to go barefoot. Another obstacle to the extension of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi shoes in southeast Asia is Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Japanese militarism has left a legacy of hate in some of these areas which only time can erase. Finally, Japan no longer enjoys the ad- vantages of early industrialization which were hers before the war.

In this respect, Japan's external economic posi- tion is somewhat analogous to that of Great Britain, and Japan may be faced in the years ahead with some of the same problems which have plagued Britain in postwar years.

Can Japan penetrate the markets of communist Asia? Several pertinent points may, however, be noted. In the first place, there is often a tendency to exaggerate the potentialities of the market in communist China. An American once wrote a book on China entitled " Mil- lion Customers ", but he forgot that large segments of this vast group subsist Prostitutes Ushibukamachi a standard of living that affords little chance for the purchase of even low cost products from abroad.

Except for relatively large exports of capital goods Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the economic development of Man- churia after Japan exported relatively little to China even in the period before the Sino-Japanese war. Even if the miracle happened and trade with China became relatively free of Communist controls, it would not be surprising Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the total volume of trade remained smaller than most of the enthusiastic proponents of such trade expect. Since the days of Hitler's trade agreements of the 's many businessmen in the free economies have wondered whether a balance of trade was really worth the effort Prostitutes Ushibukamachi caused.

Certainly it is a policy which is not likely to impress Japanese people with the Christian goodwill of their American Prostitutes Ushibukamachi. Even though Japan is an independent nation the United States has succeeded in imposing more restrictions upon Japa- nese trade with communist China than are imposed upon American trade with Soviet Russia. This is another area in which informed Christian opinion in America could point the way to a better arrangement. The Price Level In conclusion, two other factors in the Japanese economy deserve at least brief attention, namely the developments in the price level cost of living and the developments in labor-management relations.

During the retail price level fell slightly below that prevailing inlargely because of the mild economic recession ex- perienced in Japan after about the middle of the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi. The consumer price Prostitutes Ushibukamachi in Tokyo, however, remained fairly steady at about the level prevailing at the end of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi, and because of the rise of prices in the average price level for was actually somewhat higher than the average for the entire year of One of the remarkable features of the economy of postwar Japan is the degree of price stability which has been achieved since following the nmaway inflation of the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi mediate postwar years.

This was more than a post-independence reaction to the austerities im- posed by the " Dodge line ", and debate on this question is likely to persist if the recession continues. Price level changes, however, can hardly be called a major economic problem of Labor Relations Because of the recession following mid-unemploy- ment in Japan increased somewhat during the year. It is difficult to assess the precise magnitude of the increase because of the widespread prevalence of partial unemploy- ment.

Official estimates of approximatelywholly out of work and a slightly larger number presently laid off due to a " temporary " curtailment of operations at their factories are not alarmingly high for an economy with a labor force of the size of the Japanese.

In addi- tion, however, there are official estimates of over 5 mil- lion persons employed only part of the time and therefore unable to earn full pay.

Furthermore, there were Prostitutes Ushibukamachi indications that this type of unemployment was increasing at the end of the year. Japan needs export markets, and in order to capture these markets Japanese costs of pro- duction must be maintained at a low level Is this objec- tive compatible with the legitimate interests of the nearly 6 million members of Japanese trade-unions and the many millions more nonunionized Japanese workers for higher rates of pay?

Many observers are skeptical. The official statistics show that trade-union member- ship increased by approximately 33, during Furthermore, total union membership was still nearly a million short of the peak figure reached in Prostitutes Ushibukamachi most significant strikes during the year were by the coal miners and the electrical workers.

The coal miners' dispute resulted in a cessation of mining from October 13 until the dispute was settled on December 7 when the workers were granted a 7 per cent increase in pay, an Prostitutes Ushibukamachi allowance of Y per month and a loan of Y 5, for each miner. The loss of coal resulted in grave power shortages which were aggravated by the unusually dry winter less hydroelectric power Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the periodic work stoppages by the electrical workers' union.

In spite of the seriousness of these strikes, in neither case did the Japanese government intervene with drastic action to force their settlement. Japan, which had remained aloof from the struggles and sufferins. In a way the years of occupation served as an initiation for Japan into the history of reflection and suffering of mankind. In April,Japan successfully emerged from the initiation ordeal and was admitted as a full-fledged mem- ber into the world family of nations.

Consequently, there was every reason to believe that this important and his- Prostitutes Ushibukamachi year should be filled with significant political and social events. Without going into detail it will be help- ful to make a general survey of the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi noteworthy characteristics of the events of this year. The communists declared that " the defeat in the war was exactly what we wanted," and that " the occupation was the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi preparation for the coming revolution in Prostitutes Ushibukamachi.

The more rigid and far-reaching the occupation policies became the more the communists welcomed them, for they felt these policies would necessarily create more antagonism and resistance among the masses of the people who would thus be led into anti- American and pro-Soviet sentiments. At Prostitutes Ushibukamachi same time the governmental Prostitutes Ushibukamachi thorities, weak as they were, did not hesitate to utilize the name and power of SCAP to revise the labor laws, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the Subversive Activities Prevention Law, and strengthen the Police Reserve.

Masses of non-thinking people were caught between these two camps which played irresponsibly upon the emotions and feelings of the people.

In Korea this has burst into a full-scale clash of armies.

In Japan two " armies " went into action with pistols, clubs, fire-bombs, bamboo spears and tear gas. One significant episode Prostitutes Ushibukamachi this involved the overturning and burning of U. Three basic principles were Prostitutes Ushibukamachi to the Japan Com- munist Party to be practiced during the early stages of the revolutionary years in Japan. The first two came to a successful climax inand the third was in the process of being applied.

The Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of the word " democracy " has been very ambiguous in Japan. Communists, socialists, and conservatives have used the word, but with different meanings. Both the communists and the Occupation cried for " democracy ". It is clear, however, that the communists meant the word in the sense of a " dictator- ship of the proletariat " and intended in Prostitutes Ushibukamachi name of democracy to destroy all authority except that of the proletariat.

The Japanese, who have had too many authorities and too much authority in every section of life, were jolted greatly when all traditional Prostitutes Ushibukamachi were superceded by a foreign authority. Even the Divine Emperor was obliged to take orders from the new Supreme Commander! The entire nation was demilitarized for the first time, and all wartime leaders were purged.

Teachers, parents, and police lost their authority. Teachers traded discipline Prostitutes Ushibukamachi flattery in order to escape being labelled undemocratic. Policemen gave their own cigarettes to outraged drunkards in order to avoid being reported as " bureaucratic ". Arrogance disappeared, but with it vanished the sense of duty and the sense of dignity. Authorities sloughed off responsibility, and license reigned. Consequently, for the last seven years the Japa- nese have been Prostitutes Ushibukamachi in Prostitutes Ushibukamachi without any internal leadership.

This need for internal leadership has been one of the reasons for the surprisingly rapid progress of the Japan Communist Party. With the cessation of the occupation in the last real authority in Japan Prostitutes Ushibukamachi. Only Gen. Mac Arthur could have stopped the well-planned general strike of 3 million workers in It is not surprising, therefore, that on May Day,only Prostitutes Ushibukamachi days after independence, 5, communists, Koreans, laborers and students battled an equal number of police on the Imperial Plaza, a street war in which nine died and seven hundred were wounded.

Since there is no final authority in Japan, it will not be long before she is driven to join either the "free world " or the " Soviet bloc ", and the year reflected her leaderless vascillation between the two.

This was cultivated during the occupation. But even the most ideal occupation is an unpleasant experience for Prostitutes Ushibukamachi nation which is occupied, and thus psychological antagonism Prostitutes Ushibukamachi passive resistance were found in the hearts of almost all Japanese.

People grumbled against occupation policies ; even intellectuals who understood the situation whispered criticisms. The communists played upon these Prostitutes Ushibukamachi with the slogan '' American freedom is oppression ", pointing to the fact that the Japanese were prohibited from writing or speaking in criticism of occupation policies.

Democracy taught by the occupation guaranteed freedom of speech, but military necessity had to limit this freedom.

It was very natural, therefore, that with independence newspapers, magazines, pamphlets and books were filled with articles exposing so-called " inside stories " of what went on under the occupation that could not be published before. This physical Prostitutes Ushibukamachi was seen in the burn- Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of several U.

Japan is able Prostitutes Ushibukamachi maintain order and peace in the country only because of the existence of the Security Forces and the Police Reserves supported by America. But for these forces, Japan could have plunged into total disorder immediately after independence.

The Japanese people, in whose minds the memory of fierce air raids, starvation, etc. This strong anti-war sentiment is reflected in all social and political phenomena in Japan and came to a climax in The problem of rearma- ment was, in fact, the central issue for all political parties at the time of the October,general elections.

It is not an exaggeration to say that the whole nation Prostitutes Ushibukamachi on the point Prostitutes Ushibukamachi war or peace, for to their thinking re- armament necessarily meant war. And this rearmament was said to be strongly desired by America who only a few years ago strongly " suggested " Article 9 of the new i Constitution which renounces war forever.

This contradiction or change of attitude Prostitutes Ushibukamachi American policy toward Japan made Prostitutes Ushibukamachi problem more complicated.

Communist slogans such as ''Don't be America's bullet- stoppers ", " Don't be America's employed soldiers ", " Japan has become America's colony ", etc. Inflation, which had been curbed by Mr. Dodge under the Occupa- tion, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi to increase again with the start of the Korean War, and prices have been going up ever since making living hard again. Claiming that these difficult living con- ditions Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the menace of war were the prices Japan paid for independence and the Mutual Security Pact, the com- munists attacked the Security Pact and the " single Peace Treaty".

Riots Prostitutes Ushibukamachi throughout Japan mobilized tens of thousands Prostitutes Ushibukamachi people around these slogans. Still, they reflect but a minority of Japan's population. The year was the climax of the first two principles, and the third began in that year. The underground revolutionary army showed part of its armor in Prostitutes Ushibukamachi flame-bottles made their ap- pearance, public utilities were occupied by force, a Father- land Defence Corps and guerillas were trained in the mountains, courts and prisons Prostitutes Ushibukamachi attacked, etc.

Thus in an internally chaotic Japan was becoming externally dislocated in its relationship with America, being legally independent but psychologically anti-American.

The communists hoped to foster anti-war sentiment to the point where all U. They could have secured several seats in the Diet if they had so desired, but they did not mean to win any. Rather they used the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi campaign as a means for spreading their ideas, for thousands of people Prostitutes Ushibukamachi party rallies to hear what each party had to say.

As the communists knew they could not control the power in the government at this time, they used the platform to undermine confidence in the other parties with charges of corruption, etc. The failure of the Diet to seat a single Communist can- didate came as a surprise to the nation which had expected them to get from 5 to 10 seats. The general reaction was that the period of enthusiasm for communism was over and that the nation showed its sound judgment in the election.

Several non-communist intellectuals expressed their regrets that communist criticism of the majority party would not be heard in the Diet. However, the loss of Diet seats was not a sign of retreat by the Communist Party. On the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi, the votes they polled in this election far surpassed those of the previous general election. The figures for the past few years follow: General election in April 2, votes April 1, Nevertheless, it increased.

The most serious matter as to the attitude of the Communist Party concerning this election was their open declaration that they would no longer take part in the parliamentary system but would fight outside and against it. They felt that the time of the " Stalin line " was approaching and that it was too critical a time to meddle with the Diet.

Rather, the time had come to organize armed guerillas, the "armed core of a revolutionary army," in order to " emancipate Prostitutes Ushibukamachi from being a colony of America. During the first half of the occupation they were almost totally deprived by the unions of the power of management and control of personnel, and were largely Prostitutes Ushibukamachi tools of the workers. Management was left to the mercy of the unions led by communists. Occupation policy was to encourage the trade-union movement, and though SCAP was aware of the red elements in the movement, they could not do much Prostitutes Ushibukamachi it, and this left management confused Prostitutes Ushibukamachi frustrated.

However, in July,when government oflicials were prohibited from engaging in collective bargaining or in strikes, and in August,when the " red purge " began among the more important enterprises, management began to stand on its own feet and take the offensive. However, the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi detect- ed their undemocratic motives and sought to restrict their excesses.

The coming of independence in lifted all these bonds and left Japanese capitalists free to pursue their purposes. They sought, if possible, to reduce Prostitutes Ushibukamachi unions to management-sponsored organizations. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi enterpri- sers' associations strengthened their secretariats and Prostitutes Ushibukamachi many surprisingly strong and reactionary state- ments.

Their declaration that they would refuse to employ any red-tinted graduates of universities was sufficiently effective to dissolve almost all student poli- tical movements inside and outside schools. Graduating students at company examinations and interviews unan- imously declared themselves against communism and for the Subversive Activities Prevention Law Prostitutes Ushibukamachi order to pass the examinations.

In the face of this offensive, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi average age of members of union executive committees became much younger, in many cases by ten years. Union members with families feared connection with union administration because of the danger of being Prostitutes Ushibukamachi ''dangerous persons " by management and thus of being quickly dis- charged.

Consequently, these young union officers, many just over twenty, stood on inferior ground when bargain- ing with older management representatives. Moreover, without experience and maturity they often were impa- tient, resorted to violence, and drove members into awk- ward situations, thus losing the respect not only of the members but of the public Prostitutes Ushibukamachi well and giving the whole union movement an unsound and undesirable appearance.

In Prostitutes Ushibukamachi to meet the demand for miHtary goods brought on by the Korean War, the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi armaments industry had to be centraHzed as before. CentraHzation of any kind creates power in the hands of the executives, and certain groups of enterprisers became very powerful not Prostitutes Ushibukamachi in business circles but also in the government Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Diet.

Industrial barons again began to give orders to all important organizations, both public and private. Their strong desire was to go back to the prewar regime, erasing all laws and regulations put forth during the occupation.

They could not think in any terms except I those of prewar capitalism with its close connection with [imperialism and militarism, and they desired to return to these ways again. However, " democracy " which has been Japan's na- tional motto for the last seven years, instead of " national prosperity and strong armed forces " which had been Japan's slogan for the last fifty years until the end of the war, prevented them from going too far and too Prostitutes Ushibukamachi.

The public which had tasted democracy would not easily tolerate its destruction. But the May Day riots gave Prostitutes Ushibukamachi their chance.

The flame-bottle fights and riots all over Japan following the May Day riots prepared ideal ground for the post- independence activities of the reac- tionary capitalists. Now they could openly stand against the reds and Prostitutes Ushibukamachi all progi'essives. Though the public did not welcome the return of the reactionary capitalists. The Sociahst Party divi- ded into left and right wings, the left near the commu- nists, and the right near the conservatives, leaving no ground Prostitutes Ushibukamachi socialism.

The Korean War and the threat of communist forces in Korea gave support to the conservative capitalists' desire to amend the Constitution, particularly Article 9, and to re-establish a Japanese army and navy.

The conservatives came back strongly into power in One example of the reaction of labor to this move- ment is seen in the strikes by the electrical workers and miners which took place at the end of They were the worst and most entangled strikes in the history of the labor union movement in Japan.

This time the number was less than half a million, but as the industries involved affected the everyday lives of millions of citizens and also the development of various important industries they were extraordinarily important strikes.

Many people denounced the strikes and failed to see the significant underlying issue which was not wages but union security. The unions Prostitutes Ushibukamachi being divided and weak- ened by the management offensive, and they Prostitutes Ushibukamachi that it was their last chance to strike before it vvas too late. Finally the government stepped in and the strikes were ended.

The yearProstitutes Ushibukamachi, was the year when independence gave Japan the chance to learn Prostitutes Ushibukamachi demiocracy means through struggle and suffering. She could breathe freely once again, and she was free to make her own policies.

It was the year also when class-war emerged into the open. For the first four years of the occupation this had favored the progressive forces, but it slowly came to a balance and during Prostitutes Ushibukamachi last half of it swung Prostitutes Ushibukamachi favor of conservative capitalism.

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The struggle has been severe, and there is no one, no organization, and no party in Japan which has been able to stop it.

It may be good that Japan passes through this time of '' storm and pres- sure ", for through its struggles and sufferings Japan may learn the ways of democracy. Rebuilding of the Grand Shrine Progresses The drive to raise million yen for the rebuilding of the Grand Shrine of Ise has made great progress during The Prostitutes Ushibukamachi is sponsored by an association which was specially organised for the purpose in the fall of Naotake Sato, former speaker of the House of Councillors.

According to Mr. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi to his statement Mr. Sato expects that nearly ten million people will have joined his Associa- tion by the end of It seems, however, the net result at the year's end was not so good as that.

He also emphasizes that the movement to help rebuild the Grand Shrine is an affair not only of the Shrine Shintoists but also of all other Japanese regardless of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi religious beliefs. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi is a long-established custom that the Grand Shrine should be rebuilt every twenty years in precisely the same style as before. The accomplishment of the fifty-ninth rebuilding has been postponed from to Grand ceremonies will Prostitutes Ushibukamachi probably take place on October, when the divine symbols and articles will be carried into the new Prostitutes Ushibukamachi.

At least Prostitutes Ushibukamachi two main shrines of Naiku and Geku will have been completed by that time. A great number of pilgrims are expected to come from all over the country for the occasion and for the following festivities which will continue until May 10, It will then Prostitutes Ushibukamachi called " The Association of Ise Shrine Venerators " Ise-jingu Prostitutes Ushibukamachiand its aim will be " to contribute to the peaceful development of the Japanese people by arousing their national consciousness and by promoting the spirit of Shinto.

The association is scheduled to be organised within one month after the grand ceremonies in October. This organization, in case it is made, will together with the Shrine Headquarters help consolidate and streng- then Shinto forces.

The vice-president is Mr. Nobusuke Takatsukasa whose son Prostitutes Ushibukamachi married one of the present Emperor's daughters. Those who have read the account of Shinto in the Christian Yearbook will be interested to know that the Sumiyoshi Prostitutes Ushibukamachi, Osaka, finally came under the Headquarters in September, Popularity Regained Not only in connection with the rebuilding of the Ise Shrine but Prostitutes Ushibukamachi in other respects there are signs that show the recovery of Shinto's strength from the heavy blows it received in consequence of the war.

Prostitutes Ushibukamachi year sees a remarkable increase in the number of worshippers who come to shrines on festal occasions. Figures given by newspapers Prostitutes Ushibukamachi only rough estimates and are apt to be exaggerated cf.

Christian Yearbook,p. On November 3, the centennial of the birth of the Emperor Meiji, someare said to have used that station Prostitutes Ushibukamachi order to visit the shrine. On the occasion of the centennial a supporters' as- sociation similar to that for the Ise Shrine was organised to restore the Meiji Shrine which is now in ruinous con- dition.

The high priest of the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi is Mr. Taka- tsukasa. One might get Prostitutes Ushibukamachi impression that Shrine Shinto was Prostitutes Ushibukamachi, not again a full state religion to be sure, but a semi-state religion.

The result of the war put an end to this condition of Shinto, and all shrines have now to register as voluntary religious institutions. But Japanese people in general still associate Shinto closely with the Imperial Household as well as with the destiny of the nation.

Actually it is very difficult to draw a line where state functions end and the religious functions of Shinto begin.

The Emperor himself went to the Ise Shrine on June 3,to report to his ancestral goddess on the Peace Treaty having taken effect, while any rite of religious significance Prostitutes Ushibukamachi scrupulously avoided at the installation ceremony of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Crown Prince on November Incidentally, this installation ceremony gave occasion to an interesting discussion between two leading scholars of Tokyo University.

Yanaihara, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of the University, who had attended the ceremony, remarked in a newspaper that he had missed there any religious significance and suggested that the ceremony could have symbolized the Prince humbly accepting his appointment from God. This statement was then criticised by Prof. Miyazawa who said that the religionless ceremony was quite correct from the standpoint of the present constitu- tion of Japan which sharply separates religion and state.

In Prostitutes Ushibukamachi contrast to this the philosophy of Buddhism as it is popularly understood Prostitutes Ushibukamachi pessimistic, life-negating, and otherworldly. It is therefore psycho- logically understandable that most Japanese go to Shinto shrines to pray for happiness and prosperity in this life on earth and to have wedding ceremonies performed, while the same persons go to Buddhist temples on the memorial days of the dead and for funeral services.

Of course, they could be married by a Buddhist priest before a Buddhist altar or be buried with Shinto rites when they die, but people in most cases do not prefer to be married or to die that way. It would be a great mistake, however, to think that Shinto shrines are today financially well off.

Spoiled by long years of state support, Shinto priests haven't yet learned how to organise their believers so that they will pay regular dues. They just depend Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the free-will offerings of occasional visitors to their shrines Prostitutes Ushibukamachi on fees Prostitutes Ushibukamachi weddings and other rites specially performed by request. So except for Prostitutes Ushibukamachi rare cases priests have to support themselves chiefly by school-teaching or other kinds of work.

The remaining are entirely new sects of Shinto coloring. Some of the sects will be discussed later under section III. Revival of Sectarianism In the prewar period there were 53 sects and denominations of Japanese Buddhism. After the war the law was abolished and complete freedom of religion has been guaranteed by the new Constitution. As a result, not only those prewar sects and denomina- tions which had lost their independence have been re- established, but also a great number of new sects have arisen.

As a result it had to secede from the Federation of Shinto Sects. Each of them, except Ji and Kegon, has been differentiated into several ha. But the term " sect Prostitutes Ushibukamachi has also been used to indicate any independent religious organisation, whether it is technically shu or ha.

Most of them can be classified with such major sects as Tendai, Shingon, Jodo, Rinzai, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi.

The fact that a large proportion of the new Buddhist sects belong either Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the Shingon 58 sects or to the Nichiren 61 sects varieties may be taken as indicating that these two shu provide particularly fertile soil for the budding of new Prostitutes Ushibukamachi movements. One is tempted to ask whether this sudden growth of new sects and denominations means strength or weak- ness in Japanese Buddhism, but no ready answer can be expected.

For each sest must be studied individually as to the circumstances of its rise, the character of its leaders, and its tenets and practices before any generalisation can be made. One has to note, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi, that this phenomenon has appeared after government subsidies ceased to come to Buddhist temples. These new sects as well as the older ones have now to depend entirely upon their own financial resources.

The very fact that they exist means Prostitutes Ushibukamachi they have the means. So to say the least one can find in this phenomenon the strong tenacity of Buddhist tradition and its ability to adapt itself to Prostitutes Ushibukamachi postwar situation of Japan. Democracy Introduced Another feature in the postwar development of Japanese Buddhism is found in the efforts made by various sects to democratize their organisations.

More voice has been given to the laity than ever before. For instance, in the Jodo-Shin Sect since important matters are decided by a general assembly in which both clergy and laity are represented. There is also a wide- spread tendency to relieve the chief priest of a sect of his administrative responsibilities so that he is now regarded purely as its religious figurehead, while adminis- trative officers are chosen by election from among the clergy.

This is about the farthest point Buddhist sects can go in the direction of democratisation. Chief-priest- hood is still hereditary in the Jodo-Shin as well as the Shin Sects ; in other sects, too, chief priests are appointed not by election but by some other Prostitutes Ushibukamachi methods. The World Conference of the Buddhists Among the most recent events the meeting in Tokyo of the Second World Conference of Buddhists, September, must be especially noted because of its in- ternational and interdenominational significance.

The first conference Prostitutes Ushibukamachi been held in Ceylon inwhich Mr. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi were from the traditionally Buddhist sections of the Orient.

The Kirisutokyo Nenkan reports that of the colleges and universities in Japan 47 are Protestant Christian.

The conference then moved to Kyoto to hold its final session on October 5 in the Higashi Honganji Temple. It passed the following statement : " In the present world of severe suffering the welfare of mankind as well as the safety of our nation are being jeopardized. At this juncture, we as representatives of the Buddhists of all nations solemnly pledge ourselves before the hallowed presence of the Buddha to unite the Buddhist forces of the world in His gracious Light ; to preach the Truth of the Buddha to all the peoples of the world ; and to endeavor to prom.

But differences between Hinayana and Mahayana and other differences between various sects will not be easily overcome. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi those Buddhists at the conference Prostitutes Ushibukamachi their willingness to seek for means to unite the Buddhist forces of the world in spite of the existing Prostitutes Ushibukamachi.

In both chief priests of the Higashi and the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Honganji went abroad for the second time after the war.

Kocho Otani, chief priest of Higashi, accompanied by his wife, left Japan in June for an extensive tour through America, Brazil and Europe.

They are expected to come home in the middle of March. Kosho Otani, chief priest of Nishi, likewise accompanied by his wife, left Japan in February for the United States and Canada ; they returned late in December. Kocho's heir, Kosho, has been staying in America for graduate studies since Japanese Buddhists living in the United States, Ha- waii, Canada, and Brazil still turn to their mother churches in Japan for religious leadership. But the number of issei people is decreasing and most nisei people cannot read Japanese.

More need is felt, therefore, for Buddhist literature in English and for English-speak- ing teachers and preachers. Furthermore, there are more western people today than ever before who Prostitutes Ushibukamachi eager to know something about Buddhism for either religious or academic reasons.

So some sects are making serious attempts to interpret their doctrines in English. Buddhist leaders in Japan are today quite missionary- conscious. The3' believe they have something unique to offer to all mankind.

It will be, however, a tremendous task to have even a selection of Japanese Buddhist literature translated correctly into understandable English. They are working independently from each other. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi career and accomplishments of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi. Daisetsu Suzuki, who is still lecturing in America, are sources of inspiration to all those Buddhist scholars who are interested in the world mission of the " Way of Enlightenment ".

But Buddhism is also taught in secular universities such as Waseda, Nihon, and some national universities. Tokyo University has on its faculty Profs. Masato Nagao and Zenryu Tsukamoto are teaching Prostitutes Ushibukamachi well as doing research work.

Many of the latter belong to both associations. There is a growing tendency among Japanese Buddhist scholars to go back from the traditional Chinese texts to the Sanskrit, Pali, and Tibetan texts in their search for the original meaning of their religion.

Susumu Yama- guchi of the Otani University and Dr. Nagao of Kyoto are scholars of international reputation in the field of Tibetan tripitaka. What Are the New Sects? Besides the Shinto and Buddhist sects there are new sects that cannot be classified under any known category. Actually, however, there are often found fea- tures common to many Prostitutes Ushibukamachi the newly risen sects, whether they are Shintoistic or otherwise.

They Prostitutes Ushibukamachi all indigen- ous religious movements grown on the soil of Japan. All of them have more or less simple messages that would appeal to the popular mind, however, superstitious they may sometimes appear. The book has been written by scholars of the Jodo-Sect under the direction of its Council of Doctors Kangaku-ryo and appeared in July, Each of the sects has been carefully studied, described, and discussed by a different writer.

The des- criptions are on the whole quite objectively done, while criticisms are made from the distinctly Jodo Shinshu standpoint. The very fact that one of the strongest Buddhist sects Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Japan should have undertaken such a Prostitutes Ushibukamachi is noteworthy. The older religious bodies are Prostitutes Ushibukamachi be- ing Prostitutes Ushibukamachi by the rise and rapid spread of new inde- pendent Sects, and it speaks well for the Jodo Shinshu so-called Nishi Honganji to have made a careful study of them instead of rejecting them outright Prostitutes Ushibukamachi laughing them off.

The book will continue for some time to be a convenient handbook for all those who care Prostitutes Ushibukamachi know something Prostitutes Ushibukamachi these sects. Tenrikyo Flourishing Perhaps neither Tenrikyo nor Konkokyo should be called new religions since they are both about a century old.

But they are still new in the sense that they Prostitutes Ushibukamachi quite independent from the older religious traditions of Japan in spite of the fact that they are usually classified as Shinto sects. Miki Nakayama, foundress of the Tenri relig- ion, is said to have received a divine revelation on Nov. She had been a devout adherent Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Jodo Bud- dhism, but the occasion for her revelatory experience was rather provided by a shamanistic practice of a shu- genja, a monk of a syncretic type.

He was invited to her home to pray for the Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of her husband and eldest son. The monk had to conjure a divine spirit, so she offered herself to Prostitutes Ushibukamachi as his medium.

Quite un- expectedly, however, a new god hitherto unknown Prostitutes Ushibukamachi through her announcing his name as " Moto-no-kami " or '' Jitsu-no-kami ", which means Prostitutes Ushibukamachi original or true god, and claiming her to be his abode. For two days and two nights members of her family kept asking the god to withdraw from her, but they finally submitted and received her as the god's shrine.

Later the god came to be called " Tenrio-no-mikoto. The optimism of yoki- gm'nshi is indeed quite characteristic of the sect. Tenrikyo is the largest and best developed of all the newer religions. Having passed through various difficulties and even persecutions, its adherents have firm conviction of its truth.

As of Mar. There are also day nurseries, orphanages, old people's homes, hospitals, sanitoriums, and other social welfare work. In Tambaichi, Nara Prefecture, where its headquarters is situated, there are schools of all grades from kindergarten to university. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi April 18,the Tenri headquarters announced that Prostitutes Ushibukamachi will be a grand celebration of the seventieth Prostitutes Ushibukamachi of Mrs.

Nakayama's " ascension " in October 30— November 1 there were gathered some 15, leading priests of the sect in Tambaichi to be in- structed about preparations for the coming occasion. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Nakayama, present head of the sect, said in an address that the spirit of fukiigen return to the beginning should be the spirit pervading the anniversary.

By fukugen, however, he does not mean a return to the past but making a fresh start by returning to the original purity of the foundress's faith.

The address has been printed in the monthly " Michi-no-Tomo ", Prostitutes Ushibukamachi, Is Konkokyo Declining? Another remarkable religion Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Konkokyo. It also claims that its founder, Mr. Bunjiro Konko, received a special revelation on Oct. Having experienced his oneness with this god, Mr.

Konko called himself "Ikigami-konko-daijin" Konko-god-manifest-in-life. Thus Konkokyo is a monotheistic religion with Prostitutes Ushibukamachi.

Bunjiro Konko as its revealer. It emphasizes the parental care of the father-god of all men and teaches love, gratitude, and trust as the basic virtues of man. It is a religion of simplicity and practicability. Prostitutes Ushibukamachi rejects all charms and amulets as well as all superstitious beliefs in days and directions. As in the case of Tenrikyo, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi also classifies its adherents into two classes: kyoto or confirmed fol- lowers, and Shinto or common believers.

The latest available statistics give, as of Dec. The number of preachers is 3, including 1, Prostitutes Ushibukamachi preachers. There are 1, churches belong- ing to this sect. The number of its " common " believers in stood at; this increased to 1, by and reached the highest peak of 1, in Thus the most urgent problem of the sect is how to recover its prewar strength.

In there was started a movement called " Otoritsugi-joju-shinjin-seikatsu Undo " to strengthen the religious life of the sect. Matajiro Konko as well as the 60th anniversary of the death of his immediate successor, and will celebrate the 60th anniversary of the dedication of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi.

Setsutane Konko as the head of the sect. What results will come out of the programs and activities of this special year are yet to be seen. More Human Beings Deified A more distinctly Shintoistic sect is Shinrikyo or the Divine Reason Religion which claims to have churches, 4, priests, and 1, adherents at the end of Prostitutes Ushibukamachi The sect worships Prostitutes Ushibukamachi Shinto divinities and regards its founder, Mr.

Tsunehiko Kannagibeas a direct descendant of Nigihayahi-no-mikoto, a grandson of the Sun-goddess. He also claimed to have received a special revelation which commanded him to enter a career of religious ministry. The revelation is said to have Prostitutes Ushibukamachi on Oct.

The sect is now preparing the founder's writings. Probably more and more emphasis is going to be placed on his person Prostitutes Ushibukamachi mediator between the divine and the human. Omoto Aizen-en Prostitutes Ushibukamachi another sect which deifies human beings.

Back in Mrs. Naoko Deguchi began receiving inspirations which she recorded in black and Prostitutes Ushibukamachi. They were then Prostitutes Ushibukamachi and became the scripture of the sect. The sect, once suppressed by Prostitutes Ushibukamachi government inis Prostitutes Ushibukamachi steadily growing again.

Prostitutes Ushibukamachi,

After some ninety-odd years of Protestant Christianity in Japan the church is largely an urban phenomenon. Those who have read the account of Shinto in the Christian Yearbook will be interested to know that the Sumiyoshi Shrine, Osaka, finally came under the Headquarters in September, They have a clearcut program of social agita- tion built around idealistic slogans and a carefully-drawn economic and social analysis, and these make a strong appeal to many students.

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