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While knowledge of risky behavior does not necessarily translate to behavior change, ability to identify risky behaviors is a necessary precondition for behavior change. Sex work is fraught with risks.

This is the situation where people Prostitutes Jalingo that they are unlikely to be susceptible to negative events. However, these same people do not assume that other individuals are equally non-susceptible. As a Prostitutes Jalingo, they perceive other individuals, but not themselves, as susceptible to negative events.

Similarly they feel they are more susceptible to negative uncontrollable events. Cognitive dissonance highlights three key strategies to reduce or minimize dissonance. These focus Prostitutes Jalingo on supportive beliefs that outweigh the dissonant behavior, reducing the importance of the conflicting belief, or changing the conflicting beliefs so that it is consistent with behavior.

Acknowledgment The study upon which this paper is based was supported by the British Department for International Development and the United States Agency for International Development.

McMaster and Lee 29 have reported how smokers employ these strategies to reduce dissonance. Smokers can rationalize supportive beliefs that may outweigh dissonance Prostitutes Jalingo believing that smoking is not as harmful as drinking alcohol. Smokers can also reduce the importance of the conflicting belief by ignoring or questioning the validity of evidence that Prostitutes Jalingo smoking and ill-health.

Similarly smokers may change the conflicting belief by rating the effects of smoking as being less dangerous than nonsmokers do. In our study, many sex workers focused on supportive beliefs that outweighed dissonant behavior by believing strongly that sexual transmission was not the only route of transmission. Dissonance was reduced by knowing that HIV could be contracted in several other ways. Secondly, the importance of the conflicting belief, ie, engaging in unsafe sex, was reduced in importance by believing that condom use was not very important because one can get Prostitutes Jalingo anyway if one is predestined to die from AIDS.

Thirdly, dissonance was reduced by the fact that it Prostitutes Jalingo the client but not the sex worker herself Prostitutes Jalingo had the final say in Prostitutes Jalingo use, and therefore condom use was an uncontrollable event.

It was found that sex workers assessed risk and balanced the potential risk with ineffective risk reduction and avoidance strategies. One of the puzzling findings in AIDS research has been the inconsistent relationship between perception of personal risk and engagement in unsafe sexual practices.

This may be explained in line with the principle of balance theory. Fatalism was also found to be a risk factor and a key hindrance towards safe behavioral Prostitutes Jalingo.

To many of the sex workers, the extent of their self-perceived risk might depend on faith in God, belief in predestination, and the power of positive thinking and positive confession. They felt more comfortable placing their trust in the protective power of God and whatever they perceived Prostitutes Jalingo been ordained for them Prostitutes Jalingo God rather than in objective self-assessment of the risk of contracting HIV.

It reduces anxiety on the part of sex workers who think that whether or not one is infected is beyond their control and in so doing reduces dissonance. Social and attitudinal research in many health behavior areas has shown that taking steps to initiate risk reduction behavior change requires personalization of risk.

However, enhancing risk sensitization among sex workers by helping them to gauge their personal vulnerability is particularly complex. This might lead to defensive coping. Extensive emphasis on risk factors among persons with excessive risk behaviors may induce fear Prostitutes Jalingo psychological distress, which may in turn be a barrier to behaviour change by reinforcing denial, as can be seen from our study.

It appears from our research that focusing excessively on the risks associated with sex work may induce fear, which in turn may cause Prostitutes Jalingo workers to ignore, deny, or refuse to seek out HIV-related information. This observation is consistent with the finding that stimulating the fear of Prostitutes Jalingo or raising concerns about the disease leads to avoidance of any discussion related to AIDS.

As noted by Kelly, 31 there is Prostitutes Jalingo an optimal level of vulnerability sensitization, in that with too little fear, people will not be motivated to change, but with too much fear, they may avoid or deny the threat.

Cognitive dissonance plays a role in many value judgments. In Prostitutes Jalingo with cognitive dissonance, this produces unrealistic optimism.

How sex workers are surviving coronavirus in Uganda and Nigeria - BBC Africa

In a sense by disassociating themselves from the disease, sex workers in some way blocked off the possibility Prostitutes Jalingo getting Prostitutes Jalingo disease they so despise. The high level of stigmatization held by sex workers for people living with HIV or AIDS may lead to low levels of disclosure and may limit Prostitutes Jalingo willingness to access regular HIV counseling, testing, and care.

Although the study provides data for understanding the nature and form of personal HIV risk assessment among sex workers, it has potential biases resulting from selection issues, so its results are not representative and therefore not generalizable to all sex workers in Nigeria. Again the study was limited to brothel-based sex workers and the findings may not be applicable to nonbrothel-based sex workers. Furthermore, in qualitative research, the data could be subject to multiple interpretations.

The conclusions derived from the use of latent content analysis, which often Prostitutes Jalingo to a higher level of abstraction in data interpretation, could be different if interpretation had been based solely on manifest analysis.

Many sex workers underestimate the risks associated with sexual risk-taking, particularly the risk of contracting HIV. Furthermore, sex workers selectively distorted information in order to minimize feelings of personal vulnerability and avoid confronting the urgent need to change behavior. Designing interventions that ensure that sex workers accurately understand their risks and are Prostitutes Jalingo prepared to Prostitutes Jalingo HIV-related risks is indeed Prostitutes Jalingo challenge for HIV program managers.

Sex work affords women important economic benefits, and programs need to address the benefits versus costs associated with behavior change because it is self-evident that it is much more difficult for condom use to be introduced by the weaker Prostitutes Jalingo in any power-imbalanced relationship.

At the extreme end of perceived invulnerability was a small group of sex workers who shared feelings of rejection and dejection, and often perceived themselves as powerless to change their conditions. While this may be effective among persons who may consider themselves at risk of infection, the goal of interventions may initially be focused as suggested by Kelly 31 on assessing readiness for change and to determine what level of motivational and risk sensitization is needed in the early phase of HIV interventions among sex workers.

It is necessary for programs to encourage sex workers to undertake accurate self-appraisal of risk. While knowledge of risky behavior does not necessarily translate to behavior change, ability to identify risky behaviors is a necessary precondition for Prostitutes Jalingo change. The study upon which this paper is based was supported by the Prostitutes Jalingo Department for International Development and the United States Agency for International Development. Published online Jul Prostitutes Jalingo information Copyright and License information Disclaimer.

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. This article has been cited by other articles in Prostitutes Jalingo. Methods The study is based on 24 focus group discussions held among brothel-based sex workers in four geographically and culturally dispersed cities in Nigeria. Results It was found that sex workers underestimated their risk of infection and rationalized, defended, or justified their behaviors, a typical psychological response to worry, threat, and anxiety arising from the apparent Prostitutes Jalingo between beliefs and behaviors.

Conclusion From these findings, most sex workers considered risk reduction and in particular Prostitutes Jalingo use as far beyond Prostitutes Jalingo control or even unnecessary, as a result of their strong beliefs in fatalism and predestination. Keywords: female sex workers, cognitive dissonance, risk perception, risky behavior, focus group discussions, Nigeria.

Introduction While sex work is global, it is in sub-Saharan Africa that sex workers are at most risk of human immunodeficiency virus HIV infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS. Methods and materials This study is based on a total of 24 focus group discussions held with brothel-based sex workers in four Nigerian cities: Ibadan, Benin City, Jos, and Port Harcourt. Results Characteristics of participants Participants in the study were female sex workers resident in brothels in the Port Prostitutes Jalingo, Benin, Ibadan, and Jos cities of Nigeria.

Perceived risk of sexual transmission Prostitutes Jalingo HIV In spite of the evidence that nearly all new Prostitutes Jalingo of adult HIV infection in Nigeria are sexually transmitted, most of the sex workers chose to emphasize that sex was not the only means of HIV transmission.

HIV-related risk perception among female sex workers in Nigeria

Faith-based invulnerability to HIV infection For many of the sex workers, belief and trust in God were important attributes that offered safety and security from infection. Fatalistic view of HIV infection Closely related to Prostitutes Jalingo concept of faith-based invulnerability is the belief Prostitutes Jalingo fatalism and predestination.

Power in the tongue A related observation, albeit contradictory to the concept of predestination, is the strong Prostitutes Jalingo that those who will die from AIDS are those who think and perceive the possibility that they are at risk of contracting the Prostitutes Jalingo.

Conclusion Many sex workers underestimate the risks associated with sexual risk-taking, particularly the risk of contracting HIV. Acknowledgment The study upon which this paper is based was supported by the British Department for International Development and the United States Agency for International Development.

Footnotes Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. References 1.

HIV-related risk perception among female sex workers in Nigeria - PMC

Status of adolescents and young adults in Nigeria. Adolescent prostitution. High prevalence of hepatitis B virus among female sex workers in Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Health. Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Health; Prostitutes Jalingo Abuja, Nigeria: Department of Public Health; Prostitutes Jalingo HIV modes of transmission in ogun state: an analysis of the distribution of new infections. HIV modes of transmission in Benue State: an analysis of the distribution of new infections.

Geneva, Switzerland: The World Bank; Williams ES. AIDS captions. A Prostitutes Jalingo research on the sexual health needs of commercial sex workers Prostitutes Jalingo sabo, sagamu. Chiwen JO, Mohammed I. East Afr Med J. Chimaraoke IO. Afr Stud Rev. Imade Prostitutes Jalingo, Sagay A, Egah, et al. Prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmissible infections in relation to lemon or lime juice douching among female sex workers in Jos, Nigeria.

Sexual Health. Oyefara JL. Stud Fam Plann. Wallman S. Global threats, local options and personal risk: dimensions of migrant sex work in European cities. Health Risk Soc. Festinger L. A theory of cognitive dissonance.

The management of the Taraba State University Jalingo on Thursday evening issued a circular directing all students to vacate the university. Towns like Yola, Jimeta, Mubi, Numan, and Jalingo require some special due from specialists such as brewers, honey-sellers, prostitutes, and gamblers.

Heider F. The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York, NY: Wiley; Persistence of risky sexual practices of gay and bisexual men in New York City. J Prostitutes Jalingo Soc Psychol. Burnard P. A method of analyzing interview transcripts in qualitative research. Nurse Educ Today. Graneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitative content analyis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness.

Content analysis: review of methods Prostitutes Jalingo their application in nutrition education. J Nutr Educ Behav. Harmon-Jones E, Mills J.

Cognitive dissonance progress on a pivotal theory in social psychology. Reducing the risk of HIV infection among South African sex workers: socioeconomic and gender barriers. Am J Public Health. Carpenito-Moyet LJ. Nursing diagnosis: application to clinical practice. Weinstein ND. Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Prostitutes Jalingo Pers Soc Psychol. Testing the limit of optimistic bias: event Prostitutes Jalingo person moderators Prostitutes Jalingo a multilevel framework.

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This study is based on a total of 24 focus group discussions held with brothel-based sex workers in four Nigerian cities: Ibadan, Benin City, Jos, and Port Harcourt.

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Apart from the long international boundary as well as geographical distance you have mentioned what other factors account for the high prevalence rate in Taraba?


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How sex workers are surviving coronavirus in Uganda and Nigeria - BBC Africa

HIV-related risk perception among female sex workers in Nigeria

HIV-related risk perception among female sex workers in Nigeria - PMC

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