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In responding to the request from the community, the research aims to explore and describe the reasons for substance abuse amongst the youth in Grabouw. Visser confirms that trends worldwide indicate that when a country undergoes general and radical socio-economic change, as is presently occurring in South Africa, these changes are reflected in the spheres Prostitutes Grabouw risk-taking behaviour, for instance, substance abuse.

Prostitutes Grabouw, McKinney, Donnelly and Renk emphasise that the way in which adolescents identify with their parents and bond with them has a significant effect on their later risk of the development of unhealthy Prostitutes Grabouw and lifestyles. The family at this stage plays a big part in shaping and protecting the lives of their children McKinney Prostitutes Grabouw al. The youths also reported exposure to domestic violence verbal and physical abusenot being accepted by family members, and poverty conditions.

Subtheme 2. The private family therapist who took part in this research emphasised that parents are not involved in their children's lives.

The following narratives are the responses from two parents and they show how neglect and absence of a parent in the child's life can cause one to become involved in substance abuse. In a focus group Prostitutes Grabouw year-old boy Prostitutes Grabouw that lack of parental involvement contributes to substance abuse.

Shaffer and Bukakto and Daehler agree that uninvolved parents can be described as making few demands, not acting quickly to meet their children's needs, and not talking together frequently. This lack of nurturing impacts negatively on children, who then tend to have low self-esteem and lack self-control, making them more prone to be affected by peer pressure and experimentation Prostitutes Grabouw drugs in a bid to boost their Prostitutes Grabouw Shaffer, A social worker mentioned that.

Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with six 6 parents whose children abused drugs and nine 9 stakeholders from the community, while twenty 20 focus groups were conducted with 6 to 12 youths in a group at the schools in Grabouw.

Two youths also Prostitutes Grabouw that they started using drugs because other family members are also using. The comment from the youth confirms the link between the substance abuse of the Prostitutes Grabouw and their lack of involvement with their children:. One of the children, who is not a substance user but has friends who use drugs, said the following about why his friends are involved in substance abuse:.

In relation to this, Arnett and Butcher, Mineka and Hooley write that adolescents are more inclined to use illicit substances when one or more of their family members have a tolerant or lenient Prostitutes Grabouw towards substance use Prostitutes Grabouw use it themselves.

Gwinnell and Adamec explain that some Prostitutes Grabouw may be modelling their own parents who use substances, as some of the participants indicated. I watch them using and that is how l learnt to do it as well. Parents who are illicit substance users have a higher chance of raising children who will later follow their pattern of drug and alcohol use.

The longer the family denies that they are faced with alcohol and drug problems, the more vulnerable the family members become.

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Absence of parental management of children Prostitutes Grabouw of Prostitutes Grabouw parent's heavy drinking and drug dependence makes children in that family four to eight times more likely to develop problems with alcohol and drugs Kirisci et al.

Physical and emotional abuse within the family system was an aspect which was emphasised in the narratives given by the youths and the key informants.

De Genova and Rice refer to family violence as any harsh, boisterous, physical force Prostitutes Grabouw aggression, or verbal abuse by one family member towards another. Different participants stated that the reason they started using substances was because they were exposed to incidences of domestic violence.

An auxiliary social worker said:. The youths commented as follows:. After that l was not Prostitutes Grabouw in my life and in this world so I did use ganja Prostitutes Grabouw I told you.

I don' t like the word Prostitutes Grabouw because it is ugly. That thing makes you friendly with other people; it just puts a smile on your face and makes you enjoy the day. One of the parents also said:. This has been affecting my son and he said to me one day, 'Mommy I would rather be high on drugs every day of my life so that I will not have to see the pain you are getting from what Prostitutes Grabouw is doing to you '.

So I think for him taking drugs is a way of him dealing with our bad circumstances. Dube et al. In a study done at a public school in Prostitutes Grabouw USA, it was found that students who have been abused sexually and physically have a higher rate of using drugs than the ones who Prostitutes Grabouw not abused.

THEME 3. Peers were the only factor in the meso system mentioned by the youths. Peer pressure, with the need to feel part of a certain group of friends, was pointed out by almost all the participants as one of the Prostitutes Grabouw why they started using drugs or alcohol.

The need to belong to a gang shows their need for affection and acceptance. The peer group often has to replace the uninvolved family and it could be argued that the peers are actually part of the micro system. Comments from the youths regarding their peers included the following:.

The pharmacist from Grabouw Clinic said that:. A social worker supported the above statements about peer pressure:. Peer pressure was further highlighted by parents:. Hoberg points out that adolescents "constantly seek reassurance and acceptance by peers". Genius states that the fear of being rejected often influences decisions and choices regarding engaging in certain activities.

He further states that adolescents often believe that they will earn the respect of their friends and be viewed more favourably if they follow what is being perceived as a social norm, as in the case of substance use.

This need for companionship, belonging, acceptance and approval becomes of particularly great importance if you did not receive this at home. THEME 4. The macro system refers to the socio-economic, environmental and political context of the youths.

Subtheme 4. Because of unemployment and financial struggles many families in Grabouw are living in conditions of extreme poverty and this has impacted on the lives of the youths. An auxiliary social worker stated:. So at the end of the day they end up making pocket money or end up getting addicted with the drugs because they usually end up Prostitutes Grabouw drugs as well.

One of the youth commented:. You know, just to be able to forget poverty for a while. Roberts supports the above narratives stating that living Prostitutes Grabouw extremely poor conditions has a major impact on families, as they will be faced with too much pressure and the parents may not be able to nurture their children in a setting which is conducive to developing positive and supportive attitudes.

For that reason children from these kinds of families have a higher risk of using illicit drugs in their lives, particularly if this is coupled with absent parents or parents who abuse substances themselves.

One of the key informants who worked directly with the youths in Grabouw shared that unemployment and idleness among the youths who completed school and the school drop outs are the major causes of substance abuse in the district:. There Prostitutes Grabouw nothing to do for the youth in this community, some youths feel hopeless and it seems as if there is no one to Prostitutes Grabouw the hope within these youths, teaching them new Prostitutes Grabouw Not having anything to do, that' s when they start experimenting with drugs just to keep themselves occupied, but in the long run they will get addicted.

The World Drug Report confirms that unemployment is one of the key socioeconomic Prostitutes Grabouw of substance use and drug trafficking. Being unemployed creates boredom. A youth development officer and some of the youths confirmed that boredom pave the way for the youths to become involved in substance abuse as they find themselves with nothing to do after school and work hours:.

Of greater concern is that the Prostitutes Grabouw and boredom pave the way for unlawful activities such as prostitution, Prostitutes Grabouw, rape and even murder. The above disturbing narratives are further supported by the collective research results published by the World Drug Reportwhich states that there are various ways in which Prostitutes Grabouw abuse is directly associated with the fact that drug users turn to crime for them to sustain their Prostitutes Grabouw habits.

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In general, there are higher levels of drug use among criminals compared to the rest of the population. Furthermore, most Prostitutes Grabouw the criminals will be under the influence of illicit drugs whilst committing the crimes World Drug Report, Crime is also related to drug trading and the money that they get Prostitutes Grabouw trading the drugs is used to fund more criminal Prostitutes Grabouw such as those of illegally armed gangs.

Usually when gangs are formed, it means there is more violence in the communities World Drug Report, Despite the regulations which prohibit alcohol being sold Prostitutes Grabouw under-age children, drugs and alcohol seem to be easily available and affordable for everyone.

The following narratives show how available and affordable substances that may be abused are in the community of Grabouw. The words of one of the participants provide a good summary of this article:. This comment summarises the Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory and the interaction between the person and his context.

If the family do not provide a favourable context, then peers and other aspects such as easily Prostitutes Grabouw substances will have an influence, as this study shows. It is Prostitutes Grabouw matter of concern that the context of poverty, domestic violence, easy access to drugs, exploitation and little care for the youths exists in some parts of the community. The message to social service professionals and policy makers is clear.

We have to assist families in raising healthy individuals, promote healthy marriages and families, encourage involved Prostitutes Grabouw, parents who care about themselves and those around them and in particular their children. We have to focus on the wellbeing of the youths, but in particular on the wellbeing of the parents to have the physical and emotional energy to be involved with their children.

We need to facilitate healthy socio-economic environments in which families Prostitutes Grabouw able to live dignified lives. Feedback on the research Prostitutes Grabouw was shared with the community of Grabouw. We do not have reason to think that the results of similar research in other towns and cities will be very different.

The community Prostitutes Grabouw Grabouw can be commended for taking this bold step to reflect critically on the nature of their community. This is the first step to building hope.

A follow-up appreciative study is planned Prostitutes Grabouw assist in the way forward. Social work themes, issues and critical debates 3 rd ed. Palgrave: MacMillan. Adolescence and emerging adulthood: a cultural approach. The practice of social Prostitutes Grabouw. England: Oxford University Press. The sage handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology.

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Cape Town: Oxford University Press. DUBE, S. Childhood abuse, household dysfunction and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study.

Journal of the American Medical Association, Substance use and abuse in South Africa. South Africa: CT Press. Die substansafhanklike geneesheer, 'n Prostitutes Grabouw perspektief. Pretoria: University of Pretoria. Triangulation revisited: strategy of Prostitutes Grabouw or alternative? Journal for the theory of social behaviour, Talk to your teen about sex. Research methods.

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A process of inquiry. Human behavior theory and social work practice. The Prostitutes Grabouw of addictions and addictive behaviours. USA: Facts on file Inc. Finding your way in qualitative research.

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Direct social work practice theory and skills. Adolescent substance abuse: perspectives on club drugs. Journal of Prostitutes Grabouw Faculty of Education, Prostitutes Grabouw, D. A brief introduction to social work. UK: Palgrave MacMillan. Financial and fiscal commission: public hearings, sustainable financing of local government.

Grabouw: Western Cape. KAIL, R. Human development: a life-span view 6 th ed. Prediction of cannabis use disorder Prostitutes Grabouw boyhood and young adulthood: clarifying the phenotype and environ type.

Substance abuse amongst the youth in Grabouw Western Cape: Voices from the community.

Generalistic practice with organisations and communities. Prostitutes Grabouw groups: a practical guide for applied research 4 th ed. USA: Sage Publications.

Adolescent Prostitutes Grabouw abuse: research and clinical advances. New York: Cambridge University Press. LOUW, D. Child and adolescent development. Bloemfontein: Psychology publications. MADU, S. Illicit drug use, cigarette smoking and alcohol.

Drinking behavior among a sample of high school adolescents in the Pietersburg Area of the Northern Province, South Africa. Journal of Adolescence, 26 1 : Perceived parenting, Prostitutes Grabouw and negative perceptions of parents, and late adolescent emotional adjustment. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 13 2 Prostitutes Grabouw between types of maltreatment and substance use during adolescence. Preventing drug abuse amongst children and Prostitutes Grabouw In brief.

Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from alcohol. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. The Prostitutes Grabouw commented as follows:. Some responded that they started to use drugs to experience a feeling of euphoria, which is defined as a state of intense happiness and excitement Oxford Dictionary, Qualitative research is further defined by Creswell as "an inquiry process of understanding Prostitutes Prostitutes Grabouw on a distinct methodological tradition of inquiry Prostitutes Grabouw explores a social or human problem and the researcher builds a complex, holistic picture, analyses words, reports, detailed views of the informants Prostitutes Grabouw conducts the study in a natural setting.

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