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Studies have previously looked at the intersection of mobility and GBV and its effect on other health outcomes like depression [ 50 ] or HIV infection [ 25 ]. The Conceptualization problem in research and responses to sexual and gender-based violence in forced Prostitutes Iringa. Additionally, the baseline survey captured historical FP use e.

Future research should build on these findings to understand the complex mechanisms through which mobility for work influences risk of GBV. Studies have previously looked at the intersection of mobility and GBV and Prostitutes Iringa effect on other health outcomes like depression [ 50 ] or Prostitutes Iringa infection [ 25 ].

Together, such explorations would provide insights into the pathways and mechanisms through which mobility and GBV are linked, which could then enable public health interventions to be more sensitive to Prostitutes Iringa unique needs and lived realities of mobile FSWs. Theoretical and conceptual linkages between gender and population mobility [ 53 Prostitutes Iringa, 54 ] have typically emphasized how gender and migration are mutually constitutive.

Gender inequalities and norms influence whether and how individuals migrate, how they Prostitutes Iringa perceived by others, and their experiences at place of origin, in transit, and at their destination. At the same time, such mobility has the potential to reinforce and challenge those gender inequalities.

For FSWs, this Prostitutes Iringa must also be understood within the context of the stigma and discrimination of sex work, with GBV not only the manifestation of and consequence of gender inequality, but also enacted stigma [ 142 ].

Table 1.

Given Prostitutes Iringa intimate linkages between population mobility, GBV, and HIV [ 1356 ], it is imperative that efforts to understand and intervene in HIV risk environments for Prostitutes Iringa acknowledge and complicate their frameworks to incorporate a more nuanced role for population mobility and GBV.

This study extends previous cross-sectional analyses [ 21 ] to examine longitudinal correlates Prostitutes Iringa any recent experience of GBV. First, analyses presented here include data collected from two time points, with FSWs lost to follow-up excluded from analyses.

As a result, it Prostitutes Iringa possible that those FSWs who dropped out may have been different from those who remained in the study. As mobility is often correlated with age and is a Prostitutes Iringa reason for participants being lost to follow-up and a common challenge for surveillance [ 12 ], it is likely that the estimates presented here underestimate recent mobility for sex work among FSWs in Iringa at follow-up.

Future research should ensure consistent measurement of GBV across time points, and may need to include GBV from other perpetrators, such as police or community members. In addition, there remains a need for future research to understand the nuanced relationships between mobility and GBV. Future research should examine the relationship between these typologies of mobility and GBV.

An intermediate step would be to integrate other aspects of mobility, at least destination, frequency, and duration, into standard data collection instruments administered to FSWs as characteristics of mobility can vary. A qualitative investigation of mobility trajectories could elaborate on or identify emergent Prostitutes Iringa typologies for FSWs.

Previous research in north-western Tanzania, for example, used qualitative, ethnographic Prostitutes Iringa to identify typologies of women and Prostitutes Iringa living and working in a mining community that described their unique risks for HIV and other infections [ 34 Prostitutes Iringa.

Finally, findings presented here may not be representative of the experiences of all FSWs in Tanzania. Analyses were conducted using baseline and follow-up data from Project Shikamana, a community-randomized trial conducted in two communities in Iringa.

While Project Shikamana included activities focused on violence prevention, there were no significant reductions in violence found Prostitutes Iringa adjusted models, suggesting the need for more comprehensive approaches that address the socio-structural factors that influence GBV in this context. Drawing on baseline and follow-up data from a community randomized controlled trial in Iringa, Tanzania, this study examined the longitudinal relationship Prostitutes Iringa recent mobility for the purposes of sex work and experiences of GBV from a client or partner.

Evidence of a significant Prostitutes Iringa risk of violence among mobile FSWs as compared to their non-mobile counterparts suggests that efforts to reduce GBV Prostitutes Iringa FSWs must acknowledge the unique needs of those FSWs who are mobile for sex work. Public health programs must identify ways—using digital technologies, for example—to Prostitutes Iringa mobile FSWs.

The authors would like to acknowledge the participants who generously shared their perspectives and experiences with the research team. Browse Subject Areas? Prostitutes Iringa through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Prostitutes Iringa Female sex workers are highly mobile, which may influence their risk of experiencing physical and sexual violence.

Introduction Female sex workers FSWs experience increased risk of physical and sexual violence globally [ 12 ]. Study design and sampling To examine the longitudinal relationship between sex work-related mobility and experience of GBV, this study drew on Prostitutes Iringa and month follow-up data collected as part of Project Shikamana.

Measures The outcome of interest was any recent experience of physical or sexual GBV from any sexual partner, defined as any self-reported experience of either physical or sexual violence within the past six months from a new or regular client or non-paying partner.

Results Prostitutes Iringa 1 shows sex work-related mobility, socio-demographic characteristics, living situation, Prostitutes Iringa work environment-related variables by recent experience of physical or sexual GBV at baseline and follow-up. Download: PPT. Table 1. Table 2.

Discussion In this sample of FSWs from Iringa, Tanzania, FSWs with recent mobility for sex work had a higher risk of recent physical or sexual GBV when Prostitutes Iringa to those with no recent mobility for sex work after adjusting for Prostitutes Iringa characteristics and aspects of their living situations and work environments. Limitations This study extends previous cross-sectional analyses [ 21 ] to examine longitudinal correlates of any recent experience of GBV. Conclusions Drawing on baseline and follow-up data from a community randomized controlled trial in Iringa, Tanzania, this study examined the longitudinal relationship Prostitutes Iringa recent mobility for the purposes of sex work and experiences of GBV from a client or partner.

Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the participants who generously shared their perspectives and experiences with the research team. References 1. Human rights violations against sex workers: Burden and effect on HIV. A systematic review of the correlates Prostitutes Iringa violence against sex workers.

Am J Prostitutes Iringa Health. Mental health problems among female sex workers in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. Experience of Prostitutes Iringa and adverse reproductive health outcomes, HIV risks among mobile female sex workers in India.

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Inconsistent condom use among female sex workers: Partner-specific influences of substance use, violence, and condom coercion. AIDS Behav. Sexual violence, condom negotiation, and condom use Prostitutes Iringa the context of sex work: Results from two West African countries. Violence victimisation, sexual risk and sexually transmitted infection symptoms among female sex workers in Prostitutes Iringa.

Sex Prostitutes Iringa Infect. Work-related violence and inconsistent condom use with non-paying partners among female sex workers in Adama City, Ethiopia.

There were also professional prostitutes working in Tanga, Iringa, and the distant settlements of Wilhelmsthal and Bismarckburg Professional prostitutes. We describe the community empowerment process among female sex workers in Iringa, Tanzania, in the context of a randomised controlled trial of a.

Gender-based violence against female sex workers in Cameroon: Prevalence and associations with sexual HIV risk and access to health services and justice. The global response and unmet actions for HIV and sex workers. Adapting the risk environment framework to understand substance use, gender-based violence, Prostitutes Iringa HIV risk behaviors among female sex workers Prostitutes Iringa Tanzania. Sexual and physical violence against female sex workers in Kenya: A qualitative enquiry.

Prostitutes Iringa Care. Complexities of short-term mobility for sex work and migration among sex workers: Violence and sexual risks, barriers to care, and enhanced social and economic opportunities.

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J Urban Heal. View Article Google Scholar Socio-demographic Prostitutes Iringa and behavioral risk factors of female sex workers in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review.

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Mobility and sex work: why, where, when? A typology of female-sex-worker mobility in Zimbabwe.

Soc Sci Med. Jain AK, Saggurti N. The extent and nature of fluidity in typologies of female sex work in southern India: Implications for HIV prevention programs. Work environments and HIV prevention: Prostitutes Iringa qualitative review and meta-synthesis of sex worker narratives.

Work-related mobility and experiences of gender-based violence among female Prostitutes Iringa workers in Iringa, Tanzania: A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data Prostitutes Iringa Project Shikamana.

BMJ Open. The prevalence of sexual violence among female refugees in complex humanitarian emergencies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Curr.

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Ivanova O, Rai M, E. The Conceptualization problem in research and responses to sexual and gender-based violence in forced migration. J Gend Stud. Prostitutes Iringa in Prostitutes Iringa work among female sex workers Prostitutes Iringa Andhra Pradesh, India. J Infect Dis. J Interpers Violence.

Government of the United Republic of Tanzania. Social and structural factors related Prostitutes Iringa HIV risk among truck drivers passing through the Iringa region of Tanzania. Project Shikamana: Baseline findings from a community empowerment—based combination HIV prevention trial among female sex workers in Iringa, Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. Baltimore, MD. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Community-based antiretroviral therapy ART delivery for female sex workers in Tanzania: intervention model and baseline findings.

Consistent condom use and dual protection among female sex workers: surveillance findings from a large-scale, community-based combination HIV prevention program in Tanzania.

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Essential elements of a community empowerment approach to HIV prevention among female sex workers engaged in project Shikamana in Iringa, Tanzania.

Cult Prostitutes Iringa Sex. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; Arch Intern Med. Zou GY, Donner A. Extension of the modified Poisson regression model to prospective studies with Prostitutes Iringa binary data.

Stat Methods Med Res. Stata statistical software: Release Cui Prostitutes Iringa. Stata J. Mapping violence and policing as an environmental—structural barrier to health service and syringe availability among substance-using women in street-level sex work. Int J Drug Policy.

Strategies to promote the meaningful involvement of sex workers in HIV prevention and care. Relationship between mobility, violence and major depression among Prostitutes Iringa sex workers: A cross-sectional study in southern India.

Social determinants of health [Internet]. World Health Organization; [cited Jun 10]. Jakobsen H. An empirically grounded theoretical exploration from Tanzania. Because our research included only one village Kilolowe cannot comment on differences between rural and Prostitutes Iringa areas, Prostitutes Iringa may especially affect experiences with health services. In the future, guidelines should be clarified to Prostitutes Iringa this issue, and Prostitutes Iringa should Prostitutes Iringa sensitized to the specific circumstances Prostitutes Iringa which click care is or is not Prostitutes Iringa.

It is unclear why these Multi-collinearity was assessed by examining variance inflation factors of the independent variables, and a Hosmer—Lemeshow goodness of fit Prostitutes Iringa was conducted on the final model.

Additionally, Prostitutes Iringa Tanzania-Zambia highway cuts through the regions, Prostitutes Iringa Prostitutes Iringa venues such as guesthouses and bars line Prostitutes Iringa highway to accommodate the truck drivers traveling Erotic massage Verona and from other parts of Prostitutes Iringa and neighboring countries. Prostitutes Iringa the end they have their houses and they stop this work.

Topics included daily life, work experiences, reproductive history, pregnancy and contraception, motherhood, paternity, Prostitutes Iringa, health issues Prostitutes Iringa HIV prevention and care, and seeking health care.

Thus, they sometimes made conscious decisions Prostitutes Iringa Iringa seek pregnancy Prostitutes Iringa Prostitutes Iringa circumstances. The Prostitutes Iringa and lead author met at least weekly during the data collection to discuss findings, adjust language in the guides, and monitor variation in the sampling. During that time I continued with this [sex] work, using condoms [with the other clients].

Reliable income from regular clients and finan-cial support from steady partners Prostitutes Iringa complicate condom negotiations as Prostitutes Iringa condom use could mean losing a client who regularly provides income Prostitutes Iringa losing financial support from a partner.

Prostitutes Iringa Shikamana: baseline findings from a community empowerment-based combination HIV prevention trial among female sex workers in Iringa, Prostitutes Iringa. Fellow workers. Caged until 'broken': life for Mumbai's prostitutes.

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Finally, findings presented here may not be representative of the experiences of all FSWs in Tanzania. Bringing population mobility into focus to achieve HIV prevention goals.

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